Angleške jezikovne sorte - English language varieties

Angleščina je marsikje glavni jezik, v drugih pomemben in v večini preostalega sveta govorijo kot drugi jezik. Vendar pa obstajajo nekatere pomembne razlike v izgovorjavi, črkovanju in rabi besed po vsem svetu. Cilj tega članka je seznam nekaterih teh razlik, ki so lahko koristne za popotnike.

Države na svetu, kjer je angleščina večinski materni jezik (modra) ali uradni manjšinski jezik (turkizna)

Angleščina ima številne različice po vsem svetu in celo znotraj iste države. Poskušali smo zajeti glavne razlike, s katerimi se bodo popotniki redno srečevali pri praktičnih dogovorih, in izraze, ki bodo v običajnih pogovorih verjetno povzročili zmedo. Ker gre za temo, ki bi zlahka dosegla stotine strani, se sodelavci pred spremembami pogovorijo o dodatkih na pogovorni strani.

Kip angleškega nacionalnega barda Williama Shakespeara v osrednjem parku New Yorka

Najbolj jasno je razlikovanje med tistim, kar lahko imenujemo Britanski (ali "Commonwealth", v tem priročniku okrajšana "UK") in ameriški (okrajšana "ZDA" v tem priročniku) sorte angleščine.

• Številne nekdanje britanske kolonije (ne vse članice Commonwealtha) na splošno sledijo britanski in ne ameriški rabi: Irska, Avstralija, Nova Zelandija, Južna Afrika in druge nekdanje britanske posesti v Afriki, Hongkongu, Singapurju, Indiji, Pakistanu, Bangladešu, Maleziji, ter sedanje in nekdanje britanske posesti na Karibih in v Oceaniji.
• ZDA na nekaj območij močno vplivajo in na splošno sledijo ameriški rabi, vključno s Filipini, Liberijo, Izraelom, Tajvanom, Japonsko, Južno Korejo, Vietnamom, arabskimi državami Zaliva, deli Latinske Amerike ter sedanjo in nekdanjo ameriško posest v Karibi in Oceanija.
• Evropska unija je kot uradni jezik EU določila britansko angleščino (ne dobesedno "britansko", temveč raznolikost angleščine, ki se uporablja na Cipru, Irskem, Malti in v Združenem kraljestvu), na splošno pa se poučuje britanski angleški jezik. kot tuji jezik v evropskih šolah, čeprav je ameriški kulturni vpliv močan tudi v Evropi. Nekateri ameriški izrazi so morda bolj znani kot njihovi britanski kolegi (npr. "Tovornjak" v primerjavi s "tovornjakom" ali "krompirček" v primerjavi s "čipsom"), nekatere jezikovne šole v Evropi pa zaposlujejo ameriške in kanadske Učitelji angleščine. Na splošno obstaja trend, da se od britanskega črkovanja in izgovorjave premaknemo k ameriškemu črkovanju in izgovorjavi, zlasti med mladimi, kar v nemalem prispeva tudi vse večja razpoložljivost ameriških medijev v prvotni različici.
• Angleži brez angleškega porekla in ljudje na območjih brez zgodovine neposrednega kolonialnega ali vojaškega vpliva angleško govorečih držav so pogosto bolj seznanjeni z ameriško rabo zaradi priljubljenosti ameriških filmov, TV serij, glasbe in preverjanja črkovanja. Zlasti zaradi svetovne gospodarske in vojaške prevlade ZDA, zunaj Commonwealtha in Evropske unije, se običajno v šolah kot tuji jezik uči ameriška angleščina.
• Kanada večinoma sledi britanskim črkovalnim konvencijam ("laburistična", ne "laburistična"), večinoma pa sledi ameriškemu besednjaku ("dvigalo", ne "dvigalo") in izgovorjavi. Najpogostejši kanadski naglas je zelo blizu srednjezahodnemu ameriškemu.
• Zaradi svetovne priljubljenosti hollywoodskih filmov in ameriške pop kulture govorci britanske angleščine pogosteje razumejo izraze ameriške angleščine kot obratno.
• Mednarodne organizacije, katerih člani so ZDA in Združeno kraljestvo (na primer Združeni narodi), običajno sledijo britanski rabi kot poklon "starejši" različici angleščine.

Nekatere izjeme od povsem dihotomne obravnave angleščine so omenjene v komentarjih v spodnjih tabelah, vendar naj bi bil ta vodnik praktična pomoč za popotnike, ne pa izčrpen pripravek angleške uporabe.

Črkovanje

Glede na vrsto uporabljene angleščine je to "sivi tovornjak" ali "sivi tovornjak".

Noah Webster, sestavljalec prvega večjega slovarja ameriške angleščine v začetku 19. stoletja, je v črkovanju naredil številne poenostavitve. Nekatere od njih so zdaj standardne za ameriške angleške sorte, v drugih pa se na splošno ne uporabljajo.

Glejte Wikivoyage: črkovanje za razpravo o tem, katere različice uporabiti v člankih.

Britanska angleščina podvoji končni soglasnik v nekaterih besedah, ko dodaja končnico, na primer v "popotnik". Ameriška angleščina ga navadno piše "popotnik".

Ameriška angleščina črka "U" v "-naš"končnice:

Vendar se beseda "glamur" vedno piše z "U".

Besede, izposojene iz francoščine, ohranjajo francoščino "-re"konča se v britanski angleščini, vendar se spremeni v bolj fonetično"-er"v ameriški angleščini:

Britanska angleščina spremeni "C" v "S", da razlikuje samostalnik od glagola. James Bond ima "licencoce "ubiti in bil" licencased "po kvalifikaciji za vohuna. Ameriška oblika v večini takih parov vedno uporablja" S ", vendar ima v praksi" C "vedno. V nekaj primerih, kot je" nasvet "/" nasvet ", razlikovanje je ohranjeno v vseh sortah angleščine.

Ameriška angleščina v nekaterih besedah ​​uporablja "S", medtem ko britanska angleščina uporablja "C".

Pridevniški obliki, "obrambni" in "žaljivi", se vedno pišejo z "S".

Nekatere različice angleščine v nekaterih spremenijo "S" v "Z"-ise"in"-ja"končnice. Ameriška angleščina to počne univerzalno, medtem ko se izbira britanskega črkovanja razlikuje glede na slovar; Oxfordski angleški slovar priporoča uporabo Z, medtem ko se večina drugih slovarjev odloča za S:

Kanadska angleščina na splošno sledi britanskim pravopisnim konvencijam za zgoraj omenjene primere.

V nekaterih besedah ​​z grškimi ali latinskimi koreninami, predvsem medicinskimi in znanstvenimi izrazi, britanska angleščina ohranja "ae"in"oe"(v današnjem času redko zapisano kot ligature"æ"in"œ"ker se te ne pojavljajo na angleških tipkovnicah), medtem ko ameriška angleščina običajno poenostavi oboje na samoe".

Ameriška angleščina spusti tiho "-ue"črke iz nekaterih besed z-gaja"konec:

Pri dodajanju končnice za nekatere besede, ki se končajo z tihim "E", ameriška angleščina včasih spusti "E", medtem ko britanska angleščina zadrži "E":

Nekatere besede, na primer »kopanje« in »uporabno«, povsod spustijo »E«, druge, na primer »barvanje« in »spremenljivo«, pa povsod zadržijo »E«.

Nekatere besede imajo tihe črke v ameriški angleščini ali pa so napisane drugače:

In nekaj besed se izgovarja in piše drugače:

Kanadska raba se v zadnjih dveh kategorijah ponavadi meša, pri čemer se za besede, kot so "check", "nadstropje", "povpraševanje" in včasih "program", sledi britanskemu črkovanju, pri besedah, kot je "aluminij", pa ameriškemu. in "pnevmatika".

Mimogrede se tudi ločila nekoliko razlikujejo, vendar ne sledijo enaki ločitvi med britansko in ameriško angleščino. Navedki so označeni z dvojnimi narekovaji (“…”) v ZDA, Kanadi, Avstraliji in Novi Zelandiji, medtem ko so enojni narekovaji (‘…’) se uporabljajo v Veliki Britaniji in Južni Afriki.

Slovnica

Obstajajo nekatere manjše razlike v slovnici in uporabi, kar je lahko zanimivo, če študirate oz poučevanje angleščine; vendar skoraj nikoli niso razlog za zmedo.

Glagolske oblike

Nekateri glagoli imajo različne oblike v različnih sortah angleščine.

Pri preteklih oblikah nekaterih glagolov so starejši nepravilni črkovanja pogostejši v britanski angleščini,-ed"oblike prevladujejo v ameriški angleščini. Glagoli" dive "in" sneak "pa imajo nasprotni vzorec.

Nekateri glagoli ohranijo starejšo obliko v vseh narečjih, na primer "spal" in "jokal".

Prejšnja oblika deležnika "gotten" je v ameriški angleščini še vedno pogosta, v britanski angleščini pa je skoraj v celoti izginila; deležnik je pravkar "dobil".

Izgovorjava

Zgodovinski ZDA Cesta 66. "Route" se običajno rima z "ustreli", v Severni Ameriki pa se lahko tudi z "krik".

Izobraženi ljudje iz skoraj vseh krajev angleško govorečega sveta se lahko brez težav pogovarjajo. Razmislite o mednarodni posadki na naftni ploščadi nekje. Inženirji in menedžerji bi se skoraj zagotovo lahko pogovarjali brez resničnih težav, ne glede na to, ali so študirali v Edinburghu ali Edmontonu. Vendar pa bi dva delavca iz istih dveh držav - recimo delavski razred Glasgow in ribiška vasica Newfoundland - verjetno zaradi močnejših regionalnih poudarkov in uporabe dialektičnih besed komunikacijo nekoliko otežila.

Pomembna razlika v angleških narečjih je, ali se "R" izgovarja za samoglasnikom. Besede, kot je "fork "," word "ali" mother"se v obeh vrstah precej razlikujeta, čeprav vsi izgovarjajo" R "v drugih kontekstih, na primer v" zajcu "ali" območju ". Jezikoslovci narečja imenujejo z" R " rtično in tisti brez nerotično.

• Narečja z "R": Nekateri deli zahodne in severne Anglije, Škotske, Irske, nekateri deli južne Nove Zelandije, Filipini, Kanada, večina ZDA
• Narečja brez "R": večina Anglije, Walesa, Avstralije, večina Nove Zelandije, Južne Afrike, Indije, Pakistana, Malezije, Singapurja, deli Nove Anglije, deli juga ZDA, nekateri poudarki na območju New Yorka in Afriškoameriška vernakularna angleščina (ki jo mnogi Afroameričani uporabljajo zamenljivo s standardnim narečjem njihove regije).

Ljudje, ki ne poznajo drugih narečij, kot so njihova, včasih združijo vsa narečja brez R, tako kot takrat, ko Američan za Novo Britanijo vzame novozelandski naglas, drugi pa naredijo nasprotno napako, kot je Angležinja, ki za ameriški vzame kanadski naglas.

Druga opazna razlika je zvok "A" v besedah, kot so "kopel", "smeh", "trava" in "priložnost"; številna narečja jih izgovarjajo s "kratkim A" kot v "pasti", toda južna Anglija, Južna Afrika, Nova Zelandija, nekateri deli Bostona in nekateri deli Avstralije jih izgovarjajo z "dolgim ​​A" ali "širokim A", kot v "dlan".

Nekatere besede se izgovarjajo zelo različno:

Včasih se lahko dva kraja, katerih imeni imata enak zapis, izgovorita precej različno. Na primer, vas Berkeley v Anglija je izgovorjena LUBJE-lee ampak mesto Berkeley v Kalifornija je izgovorjena BURK-lee. Birmingham v Angliji se izgovarja s tihim H in nenaglašenim koncem (BUR-ming-um), medtem Birmingham, Alabama ima izrazit H in poudarjen konec (BUR-ming-HAM). Izgovarja se "Houston" HOO-omamljanje če je zunaj vas Glasgow, KAKO omamljanje če je ulica v New York City, in HYOO-omamljanje če je to mesto v Teksas. Nasprotno pa si lahko dve kraji s precej različnimi črkovanji včasih delijo isto izgovorjavo. Na primer ameriška izgovorjava Oakland in novozelandski izgovor Auckland so tako podobni, da se je zgodil incident, ko je letalski potnik končal na napačni strani Tihega oceana.

Besedišče

Vsa narečja v angleščini vključujejo besede, izposojene iz drugih jezikov, in mnogi izmed njih, kot so "bungalov" (hindijščina), "kanu" (Carib) ali "tajfun" (kitajščina), so zdaj standardni v vseh narečjih. Vendar številna narečja vključujejo tudi izposojene besede, ki so nestandardne. Kanadčani uporabljajo več izrazov francoskega izvora kot druga narečja in jih pogosteje izgovarjajo tako, kot govorijo francosko, Novozelandci občasno pomešajo izraze māori v angleščino, indijska angleščina ima hindujske ali urdujske besede itd.

Tuji govorci angleščine lahko občasno uporabljajo lažni prijatelji, besede, ki so smiselne v njihovem drugem jeziku, a imajo v angleščini drugačen pomen; en primer je ta francoščina knjižnica pomeni knjigarna, ne knjižnica. Pogost je tudi obratni primer izposojenih besed v pomenu, ki je bližje izvornemu jeziku. V nekaterih primerih, zlasti kadar se uporabljajo psevdoangleške besede, kot je "Handy" (nemško za mobilni telefon), lahko pride do zmede.

Vstopite / okoli

Z avtom

Iz zgodovinskih razlogov so avtomobili in ceste razvili veliko različne terminologije med ameriško in britansko angleščino.

Za izraze, povezane z motornimi vozili, kanadska angleščina v veliki meri uporablja ameriško terminologijo in črkovanje, saj sta kanadska in ameriška avtomobilska industrija vedno tesno povezani.

Ta Toyota Hilux pickup / bakkie / ute / tovornjak ima pod pokrovom / pokrovom motorja 3,0-litrski turbo-dizelski motor.

• krožišče: Izraz "krožišče" je povsod standarden, vendar Massachusetts uporablja "rotacijski". New York ločuje krožna križišča od "prometnih krogov", ki so običajno večji in kjer se prometna pravila glede prednostne poti itd. Nekoliko razlikujejo.
• bencinski servis:
  • ZDA - bencinska črpalka, pritrjena na popravilo garaže
  • Združeno kraljestvo - območje avtoceste, servisni center ali počivališče
  • Avstralija - bencinski servis ali "servo" je kateri koli bencinski servis.
• tovornjak: Ameriški "tovornjak" se lahko nanaša na več različnih vozil:
  • Tovornjak
  • SUV (športno terensko vozilo), drugje znan kot "terensko vozilo", "4x4" / "štiri-do-štiri" ali z blagovnimi znamkami, kot sta "Jeep" ali "Land Rover"; včasih se trži kot "križanec" za lahka tovorna vozila brez terenskih zmogljivosti
  • Težko vozilo za premikanje tovora (vključuje zgibne polpriklopnike [Velika Britanija: "tovornjak"] in tovornjake / ravne tovornjake) ali specializirana delovna mesta (gasilska vozila, vlečna vozila, smetarska vozila itd.)

V priložnostnih pogovorih se "tovornjak" bolj verjetno nanaša na pickup, lahko pa tudi na SUV.

• avtocesta, avtocesta itd.:
  • Tehnični izraz za to vrsto ceste je a avtocesta z nadzorovanim dostopom, čeprav se to le redko uporablja v vsakdanjem govoru.
  • ZDA - Lahko se imenuje "avtocesta", "avtocesta" ali "hitra cesta". Čeprav obstajajo tehnične pravne razlike med izrazi, odvisno od države, so v vsakdanjem govoru večinoma sinonimi. "Interstate" je ime določenega ameriškega avtocestnega sistema in ni splošen izraz za katero koli avtocesto ali oštevilčeno cesto. "Turnpike" je nekoliko staromoden izraz, ki se v nekaterih državah še vedno uporablja posebej za hitre ceste, kjer se zaračunavajo cestnine, čeprav boste občasno videli besedo (in njeno skrajšano obliko "štuka"), okamnelo v lastnih imenih običajnih ceste, ki so nekoč potovale cestnine.
  • Združeno kraljestvo - Znano kot "avtocesta". Nekatere posebne avtoceste v svojem imenu uporabljajo izraz "hitra cesta", npr. Avtocesta M6 Cestnina Midland. "Avtocesta" se nanaša na vse ceste v javni lasti katere koli velikosti.
  • Avstralija - "Avtocesta" je razširjena v Novem Južnem Walesu in Queenslandu, medtem ko je "avtocesta" razširjen izraz povsod drugje. "Hitra cesta" se uporablja tudi v Južni Avstraliji.
  • Kanada - splošno znana kot "avtocesta" ali "hitra cesta". "Autoroute" se uporablja v Quebecu (v angleščini in francoščini).
  • Nova Zelandija - uporabljata se "hitra cesta" in "avtocesta".
  • Singapur, Hong Kong - znan kot "hitra cesta".
  • Malezija - v angleščini se lahko imenuje "avtocesta" ali "hitra cesta". Na cestnih znakih se uporablja malajski izraz "lebuhraya".
  • Zunaj Severne Amerike se izraz "avtocesta" pogosto uporablja za označevanje katere koli večje zaprte javne ceste.

Glej in delaj

Za šport mednarodni olimpijski komite in večina mednarodnih športnih zvez sledijo britanski uporabi.

Najbolj priljubljen šport na svetu: "nogometni nogomet", "nogomet" ali "nogomet".

• nogomet se nanaša na najpogostejšo igro v posamezni državi.
  • V Veliki Britaniji bi bilo tako zveza nogomet. Čeprav je bil "nogomet" prvotno oksfordska beseda, ki je nastala iz združenje nogomet, podobno kot je "rugger" nastal iz rugby nogomet, večina Britancev danes vztraja, da je "nogomet" resnično ime za ta šport.
  • V Avstraliji se uporaba razlikuje glede na regijo; "nogomet" ali slengovski izraz "footy" se nanaša na rugby liga v zveznih državah Novi Južni Wales in Queensland, vendar se nanaša na Avstralski vlada nogometu povsod drugje.
  • V ZDA Ameriški nogomet je mišljeno, kadar se sklicuje na "nogomet" brez kvalifikacij. Druge države ga morda bolje poznajo kot "gridiron football", katerega vrsta je ameriški nogomet; v Severni Ameriki se "gridiron" nanaša na samo polje.
  • V Kanadi se izraz "nogomet" nanaša bodisi na kanadsko bodisi na ameriško raznolikost gridiron nogometa (med seboj zelo podobne).
  • Na Irskem se izraz "nogomet" lahko nanaša na nogometni združenje, galski nogomet ali včasih rugby union. Nacionalni mediji se ponavadi izognejo zmedi, če sami ne uporabljajo "nogometa" za kakršen koli šport, oziroma "nogomet", "galski nogomet" in "ragbi" za omenjene tri športe.
  • Na Novi Zelandiji so zgodovinsko govorili o "nogometu" rugby union, a od leta 2005 se je to močno spremenilo, pri čemer se "nogomet" zdaj skoraj izključno nanaša na nogometni združenje.
  • V Južni Afriki bi se "nogomet" najpogosteje nanašal na nogometni združenje. Vendar se beseda redko uporablja zunaj uradnih okoliščin (na primer ime nacionalnega upravnega organa za šport, Južnoafriška nogometna zveza). Vse kulturne skupine v državi, ko govorijo angleško, šport imenujejo "nogomet"; to se kaže v uporabi nacionalnih medijev.
  • V Singapurju in Maleziji se izraz "nogomet" nanaša na nogomet, čeprav se tudi izraz "nogomet" pogosto uporablja in razume.
• Besedna beseda rugby ponavadi se nanaša na rugby union, vendar se nanaša na ragbi ligo na severu Anglija.
  • Čeprav se "nogomet" nanaša na rugby ligo v avstralskih zveznih državah Queensland in Novi Južni Wales, se beseda "ragbi" vedno nanaša na rugby zvezo po vsej Avstraliji.
• Pri opisovanju tekem med dvema ekipama je domača ekipa običajno navedena prva v Združenem kraljestvu (npr. "Manchester United vs Liverpool" pomeni Manchester United, ki gosti Liverpool), medtem ko je v ZDA običajno navedena druga (npr. "LA Lakers vs (ali" @ ") Chicago Bulls" pomeni LA Lakers, ki obišče Chicago Bulls).
• Biljard je včasih splošni izraz za vse športe, ki se igrajo z biljardnimi kroglicami in palicami, vendar se pogosteje nanaša na določene igre ali skupine iger.
  • V Veliki Britaniji in Avstraliji se "biljard" običajno nanaša na angleški biljard.
  • V ZDA in Kanadi se "biljard" običajno nanaša na bazen.
  • Biljardne žoge so v Združenem kraljestvu razdeljeni na "pege in črte", v ZDA "trdne snovi in ​​črte" in v Avstraliji "majhne in velike".
• Keglanje, brez nadaljnjih kvalifikacij, se ponavadi nanaša na dvoransko desetletno kegljanje po vsem svetu, v Združenem kraljestvu in nekaterih državah Commonwealtha pa se lahko sklicuje tudi na sklede za trate.
• Strateška družabna igra, imenovana Pojdi v japonščini je kot taka znana po večini govorcev angleščine po vsem svetu, v Singapurju in Maleziji pa po kitajskem imenu "weiqi".

Nakup

• ATM, which stands for "automated teller machine", is the standard word in all English-speaking countries except the UK.
  • UK — "cash point / cash machine / hole-in-the-wall". Unrelatedly, U.S. "hole-in-the-wall" means a place lacking ambience that sells cheap (but not necessarily bad) food.
  • ZDA Midwest — Some areas also use "TYME machine" (an acronym for "Take Your Money Everywhere", the brand name of a former regional interbank network).
• Flip-flops go by various local names: Australia: "thongs"; New Zealand: "jandals" (short for "Japanese sandals"); South Africa: "slops"; Hawaii: "slippa" (the local pronunciation of "slippers"); Philippines/Singapore: "slippers". They're also just called "sandals", but this term can cause confusion since there are various other types of sandals.
• Senior [citizen] is a fairly universal term for elderly people, who are typically retired and on a fixed income, and consequently extended discounts at many restaurants and attractions.
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — "OAP" (which stands for "old age pensioner") is also used

Jej

• While breakfast, lunch in dinner refer to the morning, midday and evening meals respectively in most countries, parts of the UK refer to the midday meal as "dinner", and to the evening meal as "supper" or "high tea". Outside the UK, "supper" may be another name for the evening meal, or may be a small late-night meal after dinner.
• bacon — In English-speaking countries, the term refers to a type of cured pork product usually served in slices. However, countries differ on the meaning of the unqualified word:
  • U.S., Canada — "Bacon" by itself refers to a product prepared from the pork belly. In the UK and Ireland, this product is called "side bacon" or "streaky bacon", with the latter term coming from the streaks of fat across the strips of meat.
  • UK, Ireland — The unqualified term "bacon" refers to a different and much leaner product taken mainly from the loin, cut into "rashers" which include part of the belly or "medallions" which are just the trimmed eye of loin meat. North America calls this product "back bacon". In the U.S. only, "Canadian bacon" refers to a form of back bacon that is cut from the lean eye of the loin and sold ready to eat. In parts of Canada (mainly southern Ontario), a form of back bacon rolled in cornmeal known as "peameal bacon" (from the former use of dried peas as a coating) is popular.
  • Australia — Standard "bacon" is something of a cross between the above types, being prepared mainly from the belly, with a piece of loin attached.
• chips / crisps / fries:
  • UK — "chips" refers almost exclusively to deep fried, elongated strips of potatoes; crispy, thin slices of potatoes are referred to as "crisps".
  • U.S., Canada — "chips" refers almost exclusively to crispy, thin slices of potatoes, while deep fried elongated strips of potatoes are referred to as "fries" or "French fries". However, the British dish "fish and chips" is still referred to as such, and in Canada, "chip trucks" sell French fries.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Both the aforementioned fried-potato dishes are referred to as "chips"; the meaning is generally inferred from context.
  • Some Commonwealth nations use "fries" for the thinner style as typically found at McDonald's and "chips" for the thicker style as typically found in fish and chips.
• coriander: In the UK, refers to both the seeds and leaves of Coriandrum sativum. In North America, "coriander" refers only to the seeds; the leaves are called "cilantro".
• corn:
  • North America, Australia, New Zealand — A cereal that grows on tall stalks, with the edible grains (most often yellow or white, though other colors exist) forming "ears" growing from the stalk. This plant and its grain are called "maize" in the UK and Ireland, and by botanists worldwide (at least within a scientific context).
  • England and Wales — "Corn" can refer to any cereal, but most often to wheat.
  • Scotland and Ireland — Similar to England and Wales, except that the most common reference is to oats.
  • However, in culinary contexts, "corn" with an additional word (e.g. "popcorn", "sweet corn", or "corn flakes") always refers to maize, even in the UK and Ireland.
• flapjack: In the U.S., this is an informal word for a pancake. In the UK, it's a simple pastry made from oats.
• yam:
  • UK, Ireland, Australia — refers exclusively to true yams, a usually white-fleshed root vegetable.
  • North America — may also be used to refer to the orange-fleshed sweet potato.
  • New Zealand — refers to oca, a small, usually red-skinned root vegetable. Sweet potatoes are sold under their Māori name, kūmara.
  • Malaysia, Singapore — refers to taro, a small white- or slightly purple-fleshed root vegetable.
• The Chinese dish known as hot pot in most of the English-speaking world is known as steamboat in Singapore and Malaysia.

Pijte

• pop, etc.
  • U.S., Canada:
    • In the U.S., "pop" is used in Western New York, western Pennsylvania, most of the Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, the Pacific Northwest, and most of Alaska. It is also the preferred term throughout most of English-speaking Canada.
    • "Soda" is used in New England, the coastal Mid-Atlantic, California, most of the Southwest, eastern Wisconsin, South Florida, Hawaii, and anywhere within a roughly 150-mile (240 km) radius of St. Louis.
    • "Coke" predominates in the southern tier of the U.S. between New Mexico and Florida. The word is used generically, not just in reference to Coca-Cola: the answer to the question "what kind of coke would you like?" could very well be Pepsi.
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland — "Fizzy drink" is the most common term throughout all of these countries, though you might also hear "soft drink" in Australia and New Zealand, and "mineral" in Ireland. In the UK, "soft drink" more commonly refers to any non-alcoholic beverage.
  • South Africa — "Cooldrink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines — "Soft drink" is the most commonly used term.
  • Nigeria — "Mineral" is the most commonly used term.

Spi

Nauči se

Poglej tudi: Studying abroad

Education is among the areas where differences between UK and U.S. English are most profound.

Balliol College, part of Oxford University

• college:
  • U.S. — Generic term for post-secondary undergraduate education. An American student will "go to college" regardless of whether his or her particular institution is formally called a "college", "university", or some other term, and whether or not the school awards bachelor's degrees. This usage of "college" does not extend to graduate education, which is usually called "grad school" (or for professional degrees, "law school", "med (medical) school", etc.).
  • Canada — Mainly refers to a technical, career, or community college (U.S.: "community college" or "junior college"). Canadians draw a sharp distinction between "going to college" (implying a community, technical or career college diploma) and "going to university" (studying for a bachelor's or postgrad degree). College mostly offers two or three-year programmes which prepare students for practical employment. A few exceptions:
    • Quebec inserts two years of community college, locally known as CÉGEP, between its secondary education and university. Quebec students graduate from high school after grade 11, as opposed to grade 12 in Anglophone North America. Undergraduate degrees from Quebec universities are completed in one less year than in Anglophone North America, as the first year will have been completed at a CÉGEP.
    • In Ontario, a "CVI" (Collegiate and Vocational Institute) is a secondary/high school facility (not a college) which offers technical or machine shops
  • UK — Can refer to any post-secondary institution that is not a university, or sometimes to a secondary school. Students studying for their bachelor's or postgraduate degree will say that they are "going to university" (or "uni") instead of U.S. "college", regardless of the formal title of their school.
  • Ireland — Similar to U.S. usage but slightly broader (i.e. includes postgraduate education) for historical reasons unique to that country. Before 1989, no Irish university provided teaching or research directly; they were instead offered by a constituent college of a university.
  • Australia — Usually refers to a private (i.e., non-government) primary, or especially secondary, school.
  • New Zealand — Normally refers to secondary schools; used interchangeably with "high school".
  • Singapore — Generally refers to government high schools. Short for "junior college".
  • In all countries, can also refer to a constituent college of a university.
• graduation / to graduate:
  • U.S. — Most commonly refers to having earned a high school diploma or an undergraduate (bachelor's or associate) degree.
  • UK — Only refers to the completion of a university degree programme (i.e. bachelor's, master's or doctorate).
• prep school:
  • U.S. — a secondary/high school that prepares students for college.
  • UK — a primary school that prepares pupils for fee-paying public (private) secondary schools

• public school:
  • U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand — A government-owned, publicly-funded school; most often used to refer to an elementary or secondary school open to all students within the geographic boundaries designated for that school.
  • UK — Can have several meanings:
    • "Public" education as opposed to "private" education by a tutor
    • Exclusive fee-paying secondary schools, typically boarding schools (which are "public" because they aren't restricted based on home location, religion, etc.)
    • Any independent school (also called "private schools" following U.S. usage); this usage of "public school" is rare in Scotland and Northern Ireland

The University of California in Berkeley, regarded as one of the top public universities in the world

• state school:
  • U.S. — Used exclusively to refer to publicly-funded universities operated by state governments.
  • UK — A publicly-funded school for students aged between 5 and 18. Universities are not called schools in the UK, although the term may be used for departments within a university ("School of Chemistry").
  • New Zealand – refers to publicly-funded primary and secondary schools, often to the exclusion of state integrated schools, i.e. former private schools that have become state schools while retaining their private school character.
• student:
  • UK, Ireland — Traditionally refers exclusively to those attending university-level institutions. Attendees of primary and secondary institutions are generally called "pupils". However, the North American sense of the term (see below) is beginning to see some use.
  • New Zealand — Broader than in the UK and Ireland; "pupils" refers only to children in primary school (years 1–6). "Student" is used for all higher levels, from intermediate to postgraduate.
  • Philippines — Likewise, formally "students" refer to learners in the secondary level (starting at grade 7) or higher, whereas "pupils" refer to learners in the elementary level. For most schools, "student" is more widespread although the word "pupil" is sometimes used.
  • U.S., Canada, Australia — Refers to all people attending educational institutions at any level, from primary to postgraduate. "Pupils" is generally understood in North America but considered something of an archaic term.
  • Singapore — Follows U.S. usage, but also used interchangeably with "pupils" up to the secondary school level.
• student union ali students' union:
  • U.S. ("student union" only) — One of several terms used to describe a college/university building intended for student recreation and socializing. Synonyms include "student center" and "student activity center".
  • Other English-speaking countries — A college/university student organization devoted to representing the interests of the students before the administration. The recreational aspect is also looked after by the unions as in the U.S., but their political role is often emphasized. The most common U.S. equivalent is "student government", with "student senate" also seeing some use.

Stay safe and stay healthy

Spopadite se

Povežite se

• postal code:
  • Canada, Pakistan, Singapore — "postal code"
  • UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Malaysia — "postcode"
  • In many countries around the world they're known by the name of the local system:
    • U.S. and its former colonies — "ZIP code"
    • Ireland — "Eircode"
    • India — "PIN" (Postal Index Number), sometimes redundantly called a "PIN code"

Numbers

You might expect that numbers would be simple, since they always mean the same thing. Alas, differences in how they're spoken (or even written) can sometimes lead to confusion when you're not expecting it.

• The number 0 is spoken as "zero" or "oh" in all varieties of English, but Britons are also likely to use "nought" or "nil".
  • When used in the score of a sporting event, British uses "nil" and American may use "nothing" or informally "zip". Hardcore soccer fans and journalists in North America often use "nil" following British usage when discussing soccer (or rather, "football"). Tennis and cricket have unique readings ("love" and "duck", respectively).
  • For decimal numbers like 0.8 and 0.05, Britons would usually say "nought" as in "nought point eight" and "nought point nought five". Americans often omit the leading 0, saying "point eight" and "point oh five".
• Most varieties of English informally count in hundreds up to 1,900, which is "nineteen hundred" rather than "one thousand nine hundred"; this is common for money or counting things, or when the number is understood to be rounded to the next hundred. (Philippine English is an exception; they prefer the more formal "one thousand nine hundred"; "nineteen hundred" is only spoken in military contexts, e.g. 1900 hours.) But Americans often continue this trend for even large four-digit numbers above 2,000, so they're likely to read 9,500 as "ninety-five hundred" rather than "nine thousand five hundred".
• Similarly, all varieties of English group years into two-digit groups. But Americans also apply this to street addresses and sometimes phone numbers or other sequences of digits, as well as some three-digit sequences like road numbers (e.g. I-285 is "eye two eighty-five") and bus routes.
• Meanwhile, Britons tend to use "double" when reading sequences of digits such as phone numbers (which is why James Bond's 007 moniker is "double-oh seven" rather than "zero zero seven").
• Monetary amounts in the range of one or two major currency units may be spoken differently in the two main forms of English. An American would say that an item costing $1.50 costs "one-fifty", "a dollar fifty", or (slangily) "a buck fifty". In British English, £1.50 would most often be said "one pound fifty". For amounts over one major unit, Americans typically drop the currency unit; $2.40 would most often be said "two-forty". In British, "two-forty" and "two pounds forty" are both commonly used.

Price tag for an item costing $399.99 (not including sales tax, as the photo was taken in the U.S.). In smaller print, the sale dates are given as "3/9 – 3/13", which uses the U.S. month-first order, implying March 9–13.

• In British English, whole numbers of pounds (or other currency units) are spoken by their individual digits, especially in radio and TV advertising. "Three nine nine" implies a price of £399; "three ninety-nine" implies £3.99. American English never does this—"three ninety-nine" can mean either $399 or $3.99, with the context determining the meaning.
• The U.S. has always used the short scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000 (a thousand million). But most other English-speaking countries formerly used the long scale, where a "billion" is 1,000,000,000,000 (a million million). (In that scale, 1,000,000,000 is either "a thousand million" or sometimes a "milliard".) In 1974 the UK formally adopted the short scale, and other countries followed suit, although some use of the long scale persists. Most other European languages continue to use the long scale (including in bilingual countries, e.g. among French speakers in Canada) so you may want to clarify the exact quantity when talking to a non-native English speaker.
  • Indian English follows the Indian numbering system; numbers are grouped completely differently, and spoken using words derived from Indian languages:
    • 100,000 is written "1,00,000" and read "one lakh"; it's sometimes abbreviated "L", as in "₹‍5L" for "rupees five lakh"
    • 1,000,000 is written "10,00,000" and read "ten lakh"
    • 10,000,000 is written "1,00,00,000" and read "one crore"; it may be written out, as in "₹6 crore" for "rupees six crore"

• In handwriting, numerals are written the plain way in North America: "1" is a vertical line, and "7" is two lines. European handwriting puts the introductory swash on the top of the "1", making it look more like a typeset "1" and avoiding confusion with the capital letter I and with the lower-case letter L. Since the "1" with a swash could be confused with a "7", the "7" often gets a horizontal slash through it, a form that's also common in Australia and Singapore.

Date and time

Most countries use DD/MM/YYYY or something similar as their short date format. The biggest exception is the United States, which almost exclusively uses the MM/DD/YYYY format. The Philippines, which was an American possession during the first four decades of the 20th century and is still heavily influenced by American norms, uses MM/DD/YYYY in English-language publications, but usually DD/MM/YYYY in Filipino-language contexts. In Canada, usage is mixed: English speakers use both formats interchangeably, with newspapers invariably choosing MM/DD, but French speakers exclusively use DD/MM. Therefore, a date written as "01/02/2000" stands for "January 2, 2000" in the United States, but would stand for "1 February 2000" in almost any other country, and could conceivably mean either in Canada and the Philippines. (Note that the long dates are also formatted differently, although with hardly any potential for confusion.) Due to their significance and American media influence, the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon are known internationally as "September 11" and "9/11" regardless of the actual date format in use.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends YYYY/MM/DD, primarily because that is the only format that a computer can sort with a straight text-based sort (not a special date-sorting routine) and get the right result. That format is widely used in China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, but not in English-speaking countries.

Britons in particular often use compact expressions for dates (e.g. "tomorrow week" or "a week [on] Tuesday") and times (e.g. "half eight") that aren't used elsewhere. Their meaning is a cultural convention that's not universal in English, let alone in other languages: for example, "half eight" means 8:30 in English but the equivalent in Dutch means 7:30, and could be taken as either in South Africa. Some of these can be made less ambiguous (for example, Americans usually say "quarter past eight" or "quarter till eight") but others will always have the potential for confusion. Be prepared to clarify, or simply use explicit dates and times.

Weights and measures

Poglej tudi: Metric and Imperial equivalents

Gas station in Florida, with prices given per U.S. gallon of fuel. (1 U.S. gal = 0.84 imperial gallons.) In the UK, this would be a filling station and the price would be given in pence per litre

Along with Liberia, the U.S. is one of the few countries that still use non-metric weights and measures (with a few exceptions including medicines, scientific work, and bottled wine, spirits, and soft drinks). The UK is partially metricated, using the metric system for some measures (such as temperature and fuel volume) but not for others (such as road distances and beer volume). The rest of the Anglosphere switched to metric beginning in the 1970s, though the imperial system still survives to varying extents in colloquial usage.

A "pint" of beer in many places is now 500 mL. The traditional British pint, which is still legally mandated in the UK, Ireland and Canada, is 568 mL (20 imperial fluid ounces). A U.S. pint is just shy at 473 mL (16 U.S. fluid ounces), although it's almost always sold in a conical glass that must be filled to the brim to contain 16 ounces. Beer in Australia comes in varying sizes with unique names. A "pint" of beer in Australia is 570 mL except in South Australia, where it is 425 mL, and 570 mL is somewhat erroneously called an "imperial pint". A "pint" of beer is not standardised in New Zealand, but most commonly follows the South Australian pint at 425 mL.

UK and Ireland measure body weight in "stone" (always singular after a number) and pounds; 1 stone is 14 pounds (6.35 kg). Someone who weighs "11 stone 6 pounds" weighs 160 pounds (72.6 kg), and rough body weight is often given in stones only. The imperial ton, or "long ton", is defined to be 160 stone (2,240 pounds; 1016 kg), which is somewhat larger than the U.S. ton, or "short ton", at 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg). Both tons are distinct from the tonne, or "metric ton", which is defined as 1,000 kg (approximately 2,200 pounds).

Drugo

Same words, different meaning

• Asian, when used by itself to describe people, has different meanings across the English-speaking world.
  • UK — Refers typically to people from the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. People from Vzhod in Southeast Asia are often referred to as "East Asians".
  • U.S., Canada — In U.S. and Canadian government usage, refers to a person having origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Popular Canadian usage generally mirrors government usage. However, popular U.S. usage often excludes South Asians, especially in areas where South Asian communities are less visible than those of East or Southeast Asian ethnicities. See notes on "Indian" below.
  • Australia, New Zealand — Refers typically to people from East Asia or Southeast Asia, but can include the Indian subcontinent as well.

North American moose

• elk: In the U.S. and Canada, refers to a very large deer similar to the red deer of Eurasia; this animal is also known by the Native American name "wapiti". In the UK and Ireland (and also second-language speakers in Europe), refers to an even larger deer whose males have flattened antlers; this animal is known as the "moose" in North America. There is also a smaller species found in India and known as either "Indian elk" or "Sambar deer".
• fag: A slang term for a cigarette in the UK; a derogatory term for a homosexual man in the U.S.
• faggots: A traditional dish of pork offal/bacon, herb and gravy meatballs in the UK; same offensive connotation as "fag" in the U.S.
• Indian:
  • South Asia — Refers only to people from the country of Indija. (The common North American usage of the word to refer to all South Asians, irrespective of nationality, is often considered offensive here.)
  • U.S., Canada — Can have several meanings:
    • Tradicionalno se nanaša na avtohtono prebivalstvo ameriške celine, čeprav ta uporaba hitro izginja v prid "Indijancem" v ZDA in "Prvim narodom" v Kanadi. (Bolj razširjen in nekoliko bolj korektno izraz "ameriški indijanec" nenehno se nanaša na avtohtone Američane, nikoli na Američane s poreklom iz indijske države, ki jih namesto tega imenujejo "indijanski Američani".)
    • Ljudje iz Južne Azije, ne vedno iz držav Indije (čeprav se razlikovanje počasi filtrira v vsakdanji severnoameriški govor v angleščini). Izraza "vzhodnoindijski" ali "azijski indijski" še vedno uporabljata kot dvoumnika glede avtohtonih ljudstev v Ameriki, čeprav je danes nekvalificirani izraz "indijski" vse pogosteje razumljen v kontekstu Azijcev, se vedno manj uporablja za avtohtone Američane.
• gospodski klub: Nanaša se na razkošen, ekskluziven zasebni klub v Veliki Britaniji; evfemizem za striptiz klub v ZDA
• jezen: V Združenem kraljestvu "nor" običajno pomeni nor ali nor (kot pri "lajajoč jezen"), medtem ko v ZDA "nor" (na nekoga) pogosto pomeni jezen (na nekoga).
• jezen: Združeno kraljestvo "jezen" pomeni pijan. Ameriški »besni« je okrajšava za »besni«, kar pomeni siten ali jezen v vseh vrstah angleščine.
• guma: Nanaša se na radirko v Veliki Britaniji; slengovska beseda za kondom v ZDA
• na mizo: Ima nasprotni pomen v ZDA in Veliki Britaniji
  • ZDA - Če želite nekaj prestaviti ali odstraniti iz obravnave
  • Združeno kraljestvo, Kanada, Avstralija, Nova Zelandija - Če želite nekaj razmisliti.

Poglej tudi

• Avstralski sleng
• Talk # Uporaba angleščine

Razlike v črkovanju ameriške in britanske angleščine