Avstralija - Australia

COVID-19 informacije: Avstralija je zaprla meje za nedoločen čas kot odgovor na Pandemija covida-19. Obstajajo izjeme za avstralske državljane, stalne prebivalce, njihove ožje družine, potnike, ki vozijo manj kot 72 ur, ljudi, ki se vračajo z Nove Zelandije, in nekaterih drugih kategorij. Avstralski državljani in stalni prebivalci, ki se ponovno vstopijo v Avstralijo, bodo pregledani in se morajo pred prihodom prijaviti in se izolirati v določenem hotelu pod policijsko stražo 14 dni po prihodu v Avstralijo, po možnosti na lastne stroške. Neupoštevanje izolacijskih ukrepov lahko povzroči pridržanje v karanteni, večje denarne kazni in / ali kazenski pregon. Od aprila 2021 so edine zaprte državne meje Zahodna Avstralija do Queenslandersov, medtem ko je Brisbane razglašen za rdeče območje v viktorijanskem sistemu semaforjev. Potovanje z Nove Zelandije se je zdaj nadaljevalo s potniki, ki jim je dovoljen vstop v nekatere države. Ministrstvo za notranje zadeve - informacije o omejitvah vstopa in izstopa ter kako zaprositi za izjemo Ministrstvo za zdravje Avstralska vlada Turizem Avstralija Če vas dovolijo, avstralske oblasti pri ravnanju z izbruhi prihajajo zelo nesmiselno in lahko v kratkem zaklenejo celotna mesta ali zvezne države kot odgovor na nastanek grozdov, kar pomeni, da bi lahko bili tedni zataknjeni v kraju konec.

(Podatki so bili nazadnje posodobljeni 9. aprila 2021)

Takšnega ni nikjer drugje Avstralija, edina država, ki ima zase celo celino. Z avtohtono kulturo, ki traja več kot 60.000 let, in resnično globalnim priseljevanjem iz Evrope, Bližnjega vzhoda, Azije in Afrike je celina znana po svojih naravnih čudežih, širokih odprtih prostorih, plažah, puščavah, "grmovju" in " Outback"Vendar pa je tudi zelo urbanizirano, z vrsto svetovljanskih mest - največje in najbolj znano Sydney, ki se nahaja v enem najslavnejših pristanišč na svetu.

Regije

Avstralske države in glavne avtoceste

Novi Južni Wales in Avstralsko glavno ozemlje(NSW) in (ACT) Tudi najbolj poseljena država v Avstraliji ima Sydney, najstarejše in največje mesto, obkroža namensko zgrajeno glavno mesto Ljubljana Canberra. Obala Novega Južnega Walesa je obdana s skupnostmi ob plaži; malo v notranjosti so gorska območja Ljubljane Modra in Sneženo gore; nadalje v notranjosti kopnega še vedno pometajo kmetijske ravnice, ki se umaknejo puščavi.

Severno ozemlje(NT) Iz rdečih puščav, ki obkrožajo Uluru in Alice Springs do tropov Darwin in Narodni park Kakadu, Severno ozemlje je osupljivo lepo in lažje dostopno, kot si morda mislite.

Queensland(QLD) Queensland, znan po svojem sončnem toplem vremenu, ponuja raziskovanje obal iz vibe reke Zlata obala v trope Veliki koralni greben do živahnega mesta Brisbane. V njem živijo tudi tropski deževni gozdovi Narodni park Daintreein otoška letovišča Whitsundays. Notranjost leži v zaledju, naprej pa po prostranih prostranstvih in lepotah Avstralije.

Južna Avstralija(SA) Znano po vrhunskih vinih iz Ljubljane Dolina Barossa, lepota Flinders Ranges ter zaledje in dogodki ter kultura Mesto cerkva, Adelaida.

Tasmanija(TAS) Gorska država Tasmanija, ločena od kopnega z ožino Bas, ima razgibano lepoto Cradle Mountain na zahodu, plaže na vzhodu in divjino na jugu. Hobart je bilo mesto drugega evropskega naselja v Avstraliji, številna zgodovinska mesta pa so dobro ohranjena.

Victoria(VIC) Majhna, živahna in ponuja nekaj za vsakogar, Victoria ima dramatične plaže za surfanje vzdolž jugozahodne in osrednje obale, zeleno valovito kmetijsko zemljišče in fotogenične nacionalne parke. Športni, nakupovalni, modni in prehrambeni kapital Avstralije in Viktorije je Melbourne.

Zahodna Avstralija(WA) Ogromna država. Na jugozahodu je glavno mesto države in glavno mesto Ljubljana Perth. Vinorodne in slikovite destinacije Reka Margaret in Albany so proti južni regiji. Na skrajnem severu so tropi in destinacija na plaži Broome. Majhna okrožja, hišice, rudarske skupnosti in nacionalni parki so razpršeni na velike razdalje med njimi.

Otoki

Tasmanija je najpomembnejši avstralski otok in država sama po sebi. V Avstraliji je več kot 800 otokov, drugi glavni otoki vključujejo:

• -31.55159.083333333331 Otok Lord Howe - Vitrina za naravo, dve uri letenja iz Sydneyja, ki je del države New South Wales.
• -29.033333333333167.949722222222 Otok Norfolk - Polovica do Nove Zelandije z naravo in plažami, ki je del države New South Wales.
• -10.49105.62753 Božični otok - Znan po selitvi rdečih rakov. Poleti iz Pertha in Kuala Lumpur.
• -12.117596.8954 Kokosovi otoki - Koralni atoli, naseljeni, dostopni z leti iz Pertha.
• -9.8802777777778142.590555555565 Otoki Torres ožine - avtohtona kultura med rtom York in Papua Nova Gvineja, za ogled pa je potrebno dovoljenje tradicionalnih lastnikov. Poleti iz Cairns.
• -35.833333333333137.256 Otok Kenguru Južne Avstralije, tretjega največjega avstralskega otoka, ki vsebuje prosto živeče živali, naravne pokrajine, kleti in plaže.
• -32.005115.5157 Otok Rottnest - naravni rezervat s 63 plažami in 20 zalivi, ki se nahaja v bližini Pertha in je dom zloglasne Quokke
• -39.8725143.985555555568 King Island - v Basu naravnost nad Tasmanijo.
• -20.29827148.925179 Whitsunday Islands so znana turistična destinacija

Obstaja kar nekaj nenaseljenih otokov, vključno z Otoki koralnega morja, Houtman Abrolhos, Otoki Ashmore in Cartier in oddaljenih antarktičnih ozemelj Otok Heard in otoki McDonald in Otok Macquarie.

Mesta

Ponoči v Sydneyu

• -35.293055555556149.126944444441 Canberra - v sorazmerno majhni, namensko zgrajeni nacionalni prestolnici Avstralije je veliko muzejev
• -34.933333333333138.583333333332 Adelaida - "Mesto cerkva", sproščena južnoavstralska alternativa velikim vzhodnim mestom
• -27.467777777778153.027777777783 Brisbane - prestolnica preplavljenega Queenslanda in prehod na čudovite peščene plaže
• -16.925555555556145.775277777784 Cairns - prehod na Veliki koralni greben, Port Douglas, narodni park Daintree in številne čudovite plaže in letovišča; odličen kraj za pobeg in sprostitev
• -12.438055555556130.841111111115 Darwin - Avstralska tropska severna prestolnica na vrhu severnega ozemlja
• -42.883333333333147.316666666676 Hobart - slikovita in mirna prestolnica Tasmanije, mesto drugega obsojenega naselja v Avstraliji
• -37.820555555556144.961388888897 Melbourne - drugo največje avstralsko mesto, Melbourne, je športna, nakupovalna, prehrambena in kulturna prestolnica države, hkrati pa velja tudi za najbolj evropsko mesto v Avstraliji
• -31.952222222222115.858888888898 Perth - najbolj oddaljeno celinsko mesto na Zemlji, na jugozahodnem robu Zahodne Avstralije
• -33.866666666667151.29 Sydney - Najstarejše in največje avstralsko mesto, ki slovi po slikovitem pristanišču in naravnih lepotah

Druge destinacije

Dvanajst apostolov

• -33.718055555556150.3105555555610 Modre gore - gorska regija v Novem Južnem Walesu, vključno z naravnimi značilnostmi "Tri sestre"
• -37.83145.3511 Območja Dandenong - te čudovite verige ponujajo vrtove in slikovite vasice
• -19.266148.58712 Veliki koralni greben - si oglejte to naravno čudo ob obali Queenslanda in lahko dostopno iz Cairnsa
• -38.733888888889143.6872222222213 Velika oceanska cesta - spektakularna obalna vožnja v Viktoriji mimo številnih slikovitih ikon, vključno s skalami "Dvanajst apostolov", ki stojijo v oceanu
• -13.005471132.51951214 Narodni park Kakadu - pustolovska potovanja, kulturne in naravne dejavnosti staroselcev na severnem ozemlju
• -14.3122132.42315 Narodni park Nitmiluk - vključuje neverjetno sotesko Katherine, blizu mesta Katherine
• -36.5148.3316 Snežne gore - skoraj v celoti zaščiten v narodnih parkih in dom številnih smučišč
• -25.322076130.98573217 Narodni park Uluru-Kata Tjuta - Uluru (znan tudi kot Ayers Rock) in Kata Tjuta (Olge) so ikonične skalne formacije v "Rdečem centru" sredi avstralske puščave
• -24.2517131.63218 Narodni park Watarrka - najbolj znan po Kings Canyonu, mogočnem prepadu, ki doseže globino 270 metrov

Razumeti

"Smo eno, vendar nas je veliko in prihajamo iz vseh dežel Zemlje. Delili bomo sanje in v en glas zapeli: jaz sem, ti si, mi smo avstralski." - Iskalci - Jaz sem Avstralec

Šesta največja država na svetu po površini, Avstralija, ima razmeroma majhno (a naraščajoče) prebivalstvo 25 milijonov. Članica skupine G20 ima visok življenjski standard in kakovost življenja. Je pomemben igralec na gospodarskem in političnem področju pacifiške regije.

Geografija

Rdeči kenguruji na severnem ozemlju

Avstralska kopna je najmanjša celina na svetu in največji otok na svetu; ki predstavljajo večino Oceanijazemljišča.

Avstralski narod vključuje avstralsko celino in nekatere manjše otoke (kot npr Tasmanija). Je šesta največja država na svetu s površino 7.682.300 km² (2.966.152 kvadratnih milj). Po velikosti je primerljiv z 48 sosednjimi Združene države čeprav ima manj kot desetino prebivalstva, razdalje med mesti pa je enostavno podcenjevati. Avstralija na zahodu meji na Indijski ocean, na jugu na Južni ocean in na vzhodu na Tihi ocean. Tasmansko morje leži na jugovzhodu in ga ločuje od Nova Zelandija, medtem ko leži Koralno morje na severovzhodu. Papua Nova Gvineja, Vzhodni Timor in Indonezija so severni sosedi Avstralije, vsi precej bližje od Nove Zelandije, od Avstralije pa jih ločujeta Arafura in Timor.

Avstralija je močno urbanizirana, večina prebivalstva je močno koncentrirana vzdolž vzhodne in jugovzhodne obale. Večina celinskih območij države je polsušnih. Najbolj naseljene države so Novi Južni Wales, Victoria in Queensland, a največji po površini je Zahodna Avstralija.

Veliki deli Avstralije so bili posekani, da bi omogočili kmetijstvo, vendar veliko avtohtonih gozdnih območij preživi v obsežnih narodnih parkih in drugih nerazvitih območjih. Dolgoročni okoljski pomisleki v Avstraliji vključujejo upravljanje z vodo, slanost, onesnaženje, grožnje biotski raznovrstnosti zaradi invazivnih vrst in ohranjanje obalnih območij, zlasti Velikega koralnega grebena.

Podnebje

Kot velika celina ima Avstralija najrazličnejša podnebja. Večina države prejme več kot 3000 sončnih ur na leto. Na splošno je sever vroč in tropski, jug pa ponavadi subtropski in zmerni. Največ padavin je okoli obale in večji del središča je sušen in polsuh. Najvišje dnevne temperature v tropskem mestu Darwin redko padejo pod 30 ° C (86 ° F), tudi pozimi, medtem ko se nočne temperature pozimi običajno gibljejo okoli 15-20 ° C (59-68 ° F). Avstralske zime so ponavadi blažje kot na podobnih zemljepisnih širinah na severni polobli in sneg v večjem delu države nikoli ne pade. Temperature na visokogorskih območjih nekaterih južnih regij se lahko pozimi spustijo pod ledišče (in včasih celo poleti) in Snežne gore na jugovzhodu doživljajo metre zimskega snega. Deli za Tasmanija imajo temperaturno območje, ki je bolj podobno severnemu Kalifornija in ni nezaslišano, da v nekaterih gorskih predelih države pade sneg.

Ker je Avstralija na južni polobli, je zima junij – avgust, december – februar pa poletje. Zima je v tropskih predelih sušna sezona, poletje pa mokro. V južnih predelih države so sezonske temperaturne razlike večje. Padavine so enakomerneje porazdeljene skozi vse leto v južnih predelih vzhodne obale, medtem ko so na preostalem jugu onstran Velik predelni razpon, poletja so suha, večina padavin pa pozimi.

Zgodovina

Poglej tudi: Avtohtona dediščina v Avstraliji, Britanski imperij, Avstralska obsojena mesta

Aboridžini živijo v Avstraliji že vsaj 65.000 let. Prispeli so v zaporednih valovih z juga in jugovzhoda Azija. Z naraščajočo gladino morja po zadnji ledeni dobi se je Avstralija večinoma izolirala od preostalega sveta, aboridžinska plemena pa so razvila različne kulture, ki temeljijo na tesnem duhovnem odnosu z zemljo in naravo ter na razširjenem sorodstvu. Avstralski Aboridžini so tisoče let ohranjali kulturo lovcev ali (na nekaterih območjih) pol sedečo kulturo v povezavi s kompleksnim umetniškim in kulturnim življenjem, vključno z zelo bogato tradicijo zgodb in pesmi.

Sodobni vtis o avstralskih aboridžinah temelji v veliki meri na podobi "puščavskih ljudi", ki so se prilagodili nekaterim najstrožjim razmeram na planetu (enakovredno grmičem Kalaharija), a mnogi drugi so živeli v gozdu in dobro zalite regije. Avstralija je zagotavljala udobno življenje glavnini Aboridžinov med bogato floro in favno na avstralski obali - vse do prihoda Evropejcev.

Čeprav donosen Kitajski trg lupin in bêche de mer (morska kumara) je indonezijske ribiče stoletja spodbujala, da so obiskali Severno Avstralijo, Evropejci pa so bili do 16. stoletja neznani Nizozemsko trgovci v Azijo so začeli "trkati" na severozahodno obalo. Zgodnji nizozemski vtisi o tej izjemno ostri, suhi državi so bili neugodni, Avstralija pa je zanje ostala nekoliko označevalna tabla, ki je usmerila proti severu do veliko bogatejše (in bolj donosne) Vzhodne Indije (sodobna Indonezija). Namerno raziskovanje avstralske obale so nato v veliki meri prevzeli Francozi in Britanci. Zato krajevna imena zalivov, rtov in rek okoli obale odražajo vrsto nizozemskih, francoskih, britanskih in aboridžinskih jezikov.

Leta 1770 je odprava Endeavourja pod poveljstvom Kapitan James Cook vodil in začrtal vzhodno obalo Avstralije, pri čemer je prvi pristanek pri Botany Bay 29. aprila 1770. Cook je nadaljeval proti severu in pred odhodom na obalo na otoku Possession v ožini Torres ob Cape Yorku 22. avgusta 1770. Tu je formalno zahteval vzhodno obalo, ki jo je odkril za Britansko krono, in jo poimenoval Novi Južni Wales. Glede na to, da bi Cookova odkritja pripeljala do prve evropske poselitve v Avstraliji, je pogosto popularno zasnovan kot njen evropski odkritelj, čeprav je bilo pred njim že več kot 160 let.

Del prvega Port Arthur poselitev obsojencev na Tasmaniji. Ostanki naselja so del 'Avstralske obsojene strani"vnos na Unescov seznam svetovne dediščine.

Po obdobju raziskovanja je bilo prvo britansko naselje v Avstraliji ustanovljeno leta 1788 na današnji dan Sydney, ki ga je vodil kapitan Arthur Philip, ki je postal prvi guverner kolonije Novi Južni Wales. Proces kolonizacije je privedel do konflikta z avtohtonimi Avstralci, pa tudi z boleznimi, na katere niso imeli imunitete. Njihovo prebivalstvo se je zmanjšalo v večjem delu (čeprav ne v vsem) ozemlju, britanski naseljenci pa so jih razselili. Kolonija Novi Južni Wales je prvotno obsegala vzhodni dve tretjini celine, kasneje pa je bila razdeljena na več ločenih kolonij. Tasmanija (takrat znana kot Van Diemenova dežela) je leta 1825 postala samostojna kolonija, ki ji je sledila Južna Avstralija leta 1836, Nova Zelandija leta 1841, Victoria leta 1851 in Queensland leta 1859. Zahodne tretjine celine Evropejci niso naselili, dokler Britanci niso leta 2007 ustanovili pomorske baze Albany, takrat znan kot King George Sound leta 1826. Kolonija reke Swan je bila formalno ustanovljena leta 1829 na današnjem mestu Perth. Kolonija reke Swan se je preimenovala v "Zahodna Avstralija"leta 1832.

Medtem ko je Avstralija svojo moderno zgodovino začela kot britanska kazenska kolonija, je bilo največ ljudi, ki so v Avstralijo prišli po letu 1788, prostih naseljencev, predvsem iz Velike Britanije in Irskain v manjši meri druge evropske države, kot sta Francija in današnja Nemčija. Naselja za obsojence so bila večinoma ob vzhodni obali, z razpršenimi žepi naselij za obsojence v Zahodni Avstraliji. Po drugi strani pa so državo Južno Avstralijo v celoti naselili svobodni naseljenci. Veliko azijskih in vzhodnoevropskih prebivalcev je v Avstralijo prišlo tudi v petdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja, med zlato mrzlico, ki je začela prvi avstralski razcvet virov. Čeprav se je tako raznoliko priseljevanje v ksenofobičnih letih politike Bele Avstralije močno zmanjšalo, je Avstralija v povojnem obdobju pozdravila zaporedni niz priseljevanja iz celinske Evrope, Sredozemlja in pozneje Azije ter preostalega sveta, ki je postala zelo raznolika in večkulturna družba. do konca 20. stoletja.

Sistem ločenih kolonij se je leta 1901 združil v samoupravno britansko prevlado v Avstraliji, vsaka kolonija pa je zdaj postala država Avstralija, Nova Zelandija pa je izstopila iz federacije. Nova država je izkoristila svoje naravne vire za hiter razvoj kmetijske in predelovalne industrije in pomembno prispevala (glede na njeno majhno prebivalstvo) k zavezniškim vojnim prizadevanjem v Prva svetovna vojna in Druga svetovna vojna v Evropi kot del sil britanske Commonwealtha. Avstralija je bila neposredno napadljena v Pacifiška vojna. Avstralske čete so prav tako dragoceno, čeprav včasih tudi kontroverzno prispevale k Korejska vojna, Vietnamska vojna, in Iraku Vojna. Avstralski kopači obdržijo sloves nekaterih najtežjih vojaških čet skupaj z velikim socialnim duhom.

Avstralija in Velika Britanija sta leta 1986 sprejeli zakon o Avstraliji, s katerim je končal kakršno koli preostalo moč, ki bi jo moral britanski parlament sprejeti za Avstralijo. Britanska kraljica ostaja vodja države z (avstralskim) generalnim guvernerjem, imenovanim za njenega predstavnika v Avstraliji.

V drugi polovici 20. stoletja je naraščal aboridžinski aktivizem, ki ga je spremljala večja pripravljenost splošne skupnosti, da prizna tako avtohtono kulturno dediščino (zlasti v vizualnih umetnostih) kot temnejšo stran kolonialne zgodovine. Pomembna območja države so bila zaradi gibanja za zemljiške pravice vrnjena v avtohtono lastništvo. Leta 2008 se je takratni premier Kevin Rudd uradno opravičil Aboridžinom v parlamentu za grozote, ki jih je nad njimi zagrešila bela večina. Aboridžinska slovesnost je od leta 2008 vključena tudi v otvoritev parlamenta v Avstraliji kot poklon njeni avtohtoni dediščini.

Gospodarstvo

Avstralija ima uspešno kapitalistično gospodarstvo zahodnega stila, BDP na prebivalca pa je enak ostalim naprednim gospodarstvom.

Storitvene panoge, vključno s turizmom, izobraževanjem in finančnimi storitvami, predstavljajo nekaj več kot polovico avstralskega bruto domačega proizvoda - približno 60%. Znotraj storitvenega sektorja je turizem ena najpomembnejših industrijskih panog v Avstraliji, saj zagotavlja zaposlitev, vsako leto prispeva v gospodarstvo 73 milijard dolarjev in predstavlja vsaj 11% celotnega izvoza.

Primarna industrija - rudarstvo in kmetijstvo - je predstavljala večino avstralskega izvoza v 20. in 21. stoletju. Železova ruda in premog sta daleč največja izvoz skupaj s pšenico, govedino in volno. Rudarski sektor je občutljiv na globalno povpraševanje po železovi rudi, dogodki v kitajskem in indijskem gospodarstvu pa imajo neposreden vpliv.

Avstralija ima celovit sistem socialne varnosti in minimalno plačo višjo od ZDA ali Združenega kraljestva. Zaradi pomanjkanja oskrbe so delavci in trgovci v Avstraliji dobro plačani, pogosto bolj kot strokovnjaki.

Politika

Parlamentarna hiša v Canberri

Avstralija ima zvezni sistem upravljanja s šestimi državami in dvema teritorialnima vladama ter nacionalno vlado. Ima tudi več čezmorskih ozemelj v Indijskem in Tihem oceanu, ki imajo precejšnjo avtonomijo in pogosto niso popolnoma integrirana s preostalo Avstralijo. Zakoni se od države do države nekoliko razlikujejo, vendar so večinoma dokaj enotni.

Nacionalni parlament temelji na britanskem Westminsterskem sistemu, nekateri elementi pa izhajajo iz ameriškega kongresnega sistema. Na zvezni ravni jo sestavljajo senat in predstavniški dom. Vsak poslanec v predstavniškem domu (pogovorno znan kot poslanec) predstavlja volilno enoto, več obljudenih držav ima več volilnih oddelkov in s tem več poslancev. Po drugi strani ima podobno kot ameriški senat vsaka avstralska država enako število senatorjev, pri čemer 12 senatorjev ljudje neposredno izvolijo v vsaki državi in ​​po dva senatorja s severnega ozemlja in ozemlja glavnega mesta Avstralije. Predsednik vlade je vodja nacionalne vlade in je vodja politične stranke (ali koalicije strank), ki ima v poslanskem domu največ poslancev.

Britanska kraljica Elizabeta II je tudi avstralska kraljica in vodja države, v Avstraliji pa jo zastopa generalni guverner. Vloge kraljice in generalnega guvernerja so večinoma slovesne, predsednik vlade pa ima največ oblasti v vladi. Referendum o spremembi Avstralije v republiko je bil leta 1999 poražen (ideja, da bi kraljico zamenjali za politično imenovano, večini Avstralcev ni bila všeč). Republikanizem v Avstraliji ostaja redna pogovorna točka, čeprav nizko na seznamu resničnih prednostnih nalog.

Avstralski kabinet je izvršilna veja, vodi pa ga predsednik vlade, ki ministre svojih kabinetov imenuje izmed članov obeh domov parlamenta. Sodno vejo ima Avstralsko višje sodišče, ki je leta 1986 kot najvišje pritožbeno sodišče nadomestilo britanski tajni svet.

Državne in teritorialne vlade so organizirane podobno kot državna vlada z državnim parlamentom, ki je zakonodajalec, premierjem (glavnim ministrom na ozemljih), ki vodijo državno vlado, in lastnim sodstvom. Obstaja tudi guverner za vsako državo, ki je kraljica predstavnik v večinoma slovesni vlogi.

Dve glavni politični stranki v Avstraliji sta Avstralska laburistična stranka (ALP ali samo "laburisti") in Liberalna stranka, ki deluje v koaliciji z nacionalno stranko (imenovano "koalicija"). Obstajajo manjše stranke, kot so Zeleni, in neodvisne stranke. Liberalna stranka je desnosredinska konservativna stranka, pri čemer se izraz "liberalna" nanaša na prosto tržno gospodarstvo. Laburistična stranka je levosredinska.

Kultura

Avstralija ima večkulturno prebivalstvo, ki se ukvarja s skoraj vsemi religijami in življenjskim slogom. Več kot četrtina Avstralcev se je rodila zunaj Avstralije, druga četrtina pa ima vsaj enega starša, rojenega v tujini. Skoraj vsako večje avstralsko mesto odraža priseljevanje iz Evrope, Azije, Bližnjega vzhoda in Tihega oceana, ki se je zgodilo po drugi svetovni vojni in se je nadaljevalo v sedemdesetih letih. V pol stoletja po vojni se je število prebivalcev Avstralije povečalo s približno 7 milijonov na nekaj več kot 20 milijonov ljudi. Mesta Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane in Perth so kulturno zelo raznolika in v njih živijo skupnosti z vseh koncev sveta.

V vseh večjih mestih boste v številnih restavracijah našli raznoliko kakovostno hrano po vsem svetu. Melbourne se še posebej promovira kot center za umetnost, Brisbane pa se promovira skozi različne, večkulturne urbane vasi. Adelaida je znana po tem, da je središče festivalov in nemških kulturnih vplivov, Perth pa po svoji hrani in vinski kulturi, biserih, draguljih in plemenitih kovinah ter mednarodnem festivalu obrobnih umetnosti. Manjša podeželska naselja na splošno še vedno odražajo večinsko anglo-keltsko kulturo, pogosto z malo aboriginskega prebivalstva. Večina podeželskih središč še vedno sprejema obiskovalce in običajno deli zgodovino in lokalne izdelke.

Kitajsko mesto v Melbournu

Obstaja približno pol milijona Avstralcev, ki se opredelijo kot aboridžini, ki živijo po vsej državi v mestih in podeželskih aboridžinskih skupnostih. Čeprav novi obiskovalec ni posebej očiten, obstaja veliko priložnosti in kulturnih dejavnosti za ljudi, ki želijo raziskati aboridžinsko kulturo.

V nasprotju s priljubljeno mitologijo so potomci prvotnih flot britanskih obsojencev manjšina in tudi v letih prevoza so prosti naseljenci presegli število obsojenih migrantov za vsaj pet proti enemu. Kljub temu se za nekoga, ki je bil obsojenec, pa naj bo ta povezava neznatna, šteje za častni znak za nekoga, ki je "avstralski honorar".

Avstralci so lahko bolj socialno konzervativni kot nekatere evropske kulture, vendar so pri svojem verskem obredu ponavadi sproščeni. Načini naslavljanja so naključni in znani, večina Avstralcev vas bo po navadi nagovorila s svojim imenom in pričakovala, da boste z njimi storili enako.

Prazniki

Ognjemet nad Perthom ob dnevu Avstralije

Državni prazniki v Avstraliji so:

• 1. januarja: Novoletni dan
• 26. januarja: Avstralski dan ob obletnici izkrcanja prve flote v Sydney Coveu leta 1788.
• Velikonočni vikend ("Veliki petek", "velikonočna sobota", "velikonočna nedelja" in "velikonočni ponedeljek"): štiridnevni konec tedna v marcu ali aprilu, določen glede na zahodnokrščanske datume. Številni Avstralci potujejo na velikonočni konec tedna, zato pričakujte, da bodo hotelske sobe in vozovnice razprodane mesece vnaprej.
• 25. aprila: Dan ANZAC (Avstralski in Novozelandski vojaški korpus), v čast vojaškim veteranom
• Drugi ponedeljek v juniju: Kraljičin rojstni dan (praznuje se v zahodni Avstraliji septembra, opazuje WA Dan ustanovitve teden prej)
• 25. decembra: Božični dan
• 26. decembra: Boksarski dan

Številne države opažajo Praznik dela, vendar ob različnih dnevih. Večina držav ima enega ali dva dodatna praznika po vsej državi, z Victoria in Južna Avstralija imeti prost dan za konjsko dirko (Melbourne Cup in Adelaide Cup). Zahodna Avstralija ima dan ustanovitve prvi ponedeljek v juniju (ob ustanovitvi države že od leta 1829), vendar tudi praznuje kraljičin rojstni dan drugačno od preostale države, bodisi konec septembra ali v začetku oktobra, zaradi običajni junijski datum je tako blizu dneva ustanovitve.

Kadar državni praznik pade na soboto ali nedeljo, se naslednji ponedeljek (in torek, če je potrebno) običajno razglasi za praznike, čeprav se bodo praznovanja in zaprtje maloprodaje zgodili na sam dan. Večina turističnih znamenitosti je zaprtih na božični dan in veliki petek. Supermarketi in druge trgovine se lahko ob nekaterih praznikih in praznikih odprejo za določen čas, vendar so skoraj vedno zaprti na božični dan (25. decembra), veliki petek, velikonočno nedeljo in jutro na dan ANZAC.

Razen uradnih praznikov obstajajo tudi dnevi državnega ali regionalnega kulturnega pomena, ki bi lahko bili tudi prazniki, kot so:

• Veliki finale AFL: Prvenstvena tekma avstralske nogometne lige in najbolj gledan dogodek v avstralskem športnem koledarju. Pričakuje, da bodo vse pube nabito polne ljudi, ki gledajo igro, medtem ko bo marsikdo priredil velike zabave ob gledanju svojih domov. Odprto zadnjo soboto v septembru ali prvo soboto v oktobru.
• Veliki finale NRL: Prvenstvena tekma National Rugby League. Še posebej priljubljena v Queenslandu in Novem Južnem Walesu. Običajno zadnjo nedeljo v septembru ali prvo nedeljo v oktobru.

Vrhunec prazničnih časov

Večina znamenitosti v Avstraliji ostaja odprta skozi celo leto, nekatere obratujejo redko ali krajše ure v izven sezone. Številne znamenitosti (vendar ne vse) so na božič in novo leto zaprte.

Poletne šolske počitnice začnite pred božičem in traja cel januar in velja za najbolj obremenjen in najdražji čas za obisk. Počitniške domove na plažah pogosto rezervirajo več mesecev vnaprej in zaračunajo znatno premijo. Dolgo Velikonočni vikend lahko tudi zaposlen, saj starši še zadnjič odpeljejo otroke pred prihodom zime.

Avstralski najstniki praznujejo konec šolanja konec novembra in v začetku decembra tri tedne, znane kot šole. Število mladostnikov lahko popolnoma spremeni naravo nekaterih mest, ki jih izberejo za obisk, zlasti obalnih mest, kot je Byron Bay v Novem Južnem Walesu, Zlata obala v Queenslandu in različnih krajih ob Morningtonski polotok v Viktoriji.

Čas

Avstralija ima lahko v poletnem času do pet različnih časovnih pasov, ob drugih pa štiri. Meje časovnega pasu ne sledijo vedno mejam države. Na primer mesto Broken Hill, čeprav v Novem Južnem Walesu sledi južnoavstralskemu času, otok Norfolk pa ima svoj časovni pas, čeprav je del Novega Južnega Walesa.

Časovni pasovi v Avstraliji od GMT

Na vzhodu imajo Tasmanija, Novi Južni Wales in Victoria vedno isti čas. Queensland ne upošteva poletnega časa, zato je v tem obdobju za drugimi vzhodnimi zveznimi državami zaostajala eno uro.

V središču Broken Hill (NSW), Južna Avstralija in Severno ozemlje pozimi zaostajajo za pol ure, a severno ozemlje ne opazuje poletnega časa, medtem ko južna Avstralija in Broken Hill. Med poletnim poletjem Južna Avstralija ostaja pol ure za Novim Južnim Walesom, Viktorijo in Tasmanijo, vendar se pol ure pred Queenslandom. Severno ozemlje ostaja pol ure za Queenslandom, seli pa uro in pol za Novim Južnim Walesom, Viktorijo in Tasmanijo.

Na zahodu zahodna Avstralija pozimi zaostaja za vzhodnimi državami dve uri in prav tako ne opazuje poletnega časa. Tri ure se giblje za vzhodnimi zveznimi državami, ki spremljajo poletni čas (preostali dve uri za Queenslandom).

Za avstralske časovne pasove ni uradnih okrajšav ali imen in morda boste videli nekaj uporabljenih različic. Včasih se uporabljajo EST, CST, WST skupaj z EDT, CDT. Včasih AEST itd., S predpono 'A' jih ločuje od severnoameriških časovnih pasov z enakimi imeni.

V državah, ki upoštevajo poletni čas, se začne prvo nedeljo v oktobru in konča prvo nedeljo v aprilu.

Moč

Standard omrežne napetosti je 230 V z vtičem tipa I (kotni zatiči / nevtralni zatiči z ravno zemljo). Popularno imenovan "vtičnica dvainštirideset voltov". Hotelske kopalnice bodo pogosto imele vtičnico tipa C in A z oznako "samo za brivnike", ki bo pretvorjena na 110 V za vtičnico za britje v severnoameriškem stilu. Napetost je združljiva z Evropo in potrebovali boste le pretvorniški vtič, ki ga lahko dobite v supermarketih in trgovinah (pa tudi na letališču). V Severni Ameriki ali drugih 110 V državah pred uporabo pretvorniškega vtiča preverite, ali naprava dopušča napetost.

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Govori

Poglej tudi: Angleške jezikovne sorte

The angleščina jezik v Avstraliji splošno govorijo in razumejo. Avstralska angleščina, ki se običajno govori, je značilna po naglasu in frazumu. Večinoma se je razvil iz govora Združenega kraljestva konec 18. in v začetku 19. stoletja.

Ker je Avstralija globalna talilnica, zlasti v večjih mestih, boste naleteli na kulture in slišali jezike z vsega sveta, pogosto pa boste našli območja in predmestja, ki pretežno odražajo jezik njihovih priseljenskih skupnosti. V šoli poučujejo tuje jezike, vendar učenci le redko napredujejo mimo osnov.

Avstralska angleščina na splošno sledi britanskim črkovalnim pravilom in besednjakom, čeprav je znana tudi po svoji barvi in ​​pogovorih. Ljudje na podeželju imajo lahko širši naglas, pri čemer uporabljajo nekatere slengovske besede, ki so postale zastarele v metropolitanskih območjih, medtem ko visoko izobraženi prebivalci mest včasih uporabljajo kultiviran naglas, podoben tistemu iz britanskih ustreznikov. Avstralski sleng turistom ne bi smel predstavljati težav, razen na nekaterih osamljenih območjih. Avstralci razumejo različne sorte angleščine in v poskusih lokalnega slenga ste lahko videti neumno.

V avstralski angleščini je malo regionalnih razlik, čeprav so poudarki navadno širši zunaj velikih mest, izgovorjava nekaterih besed, kot sta "ples" in "priložnost", pa se razlikuje med regijami. Večina regionalnih razlik se nanaša na uporabo besed. Na primer plavalna oblačila so znana kot kosi ali plavalci v Novem Južnem Walesu, togs v Queenslandu in kopalci v Viktoriji, Tasmaniji, Zahodni Avstraliji in Južni Avstraliji. Many indigenous communities around Australia and the Torres Strait Islands speak English as a second language.

It is rare to find signs in a second language, except in urban areas with a high population of Asian immigrants and students, where signs and restaurant menus in Vietnamski in Kitajski are a common sight; and also around Cairns in Zlata obala in Queensland where some signs (but not road signs) are written in Japonski ali Kitajski, due to the large number of tourists. Some warning signs at beaches are written in several foreign languages.

Visitors who do not speak basic English will find communicating with Australians difficult, and should do some advance planning. Some tour companies specialise in offering package deals for Australian tours complete with language guides.

Fewer than 150 Aboridžin languages are still in daily use, spoken by as little as 42,300 people, particularly those living in rural outback communities, and those in the Torres Strait Islands. There are initiatives to revive the languages within Australia's large Aboriginal community, however given the significant differences between the languages (many can't be proven to relate to one another) that continues to prove a challenge. Learning an Aboriginal language will be useful only in specific local areas. Almost all Aboriginal people speak English as well, although residents of some remote communities may not be fluent in the language.

The standard sign language is Auslan (standing for Australian Sign Language). When a sign interpreter is present for a public event, he or she will use Auslan. Users of British and New Zealand Sign Languages will be able to understand much, though not all, of the language. Auslan and NZSL are largely derived from BSL, and all three languages use the same two-handed manual alphabet. Users of sign languages that have different origins (such as the French Sign Language family, which also includes American and Irish Sign Languages) will not be able to understand Auslan.

Vstopi

Visa policy of Australia

Zahteve za vstop

All visitors - apart from citizens of New Zealand - require a vizum in advance of travel.

If you are visiting for a holiday of less than 90 days, there are three types of visas you may apply for, depending on your nationality.

• Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) subclass 601 is available on-line to nationals of Brunej, Kanada, Hong Kong (SAR or BN(O)), Japonska, Malaysia, Singapur, Južna Koreja (ROK) and the Združene države. In addition, citizens of Tajvan are also eligible for an ETA, but must apply through an approved Taiwanese travel agent, or by e-mail through the relevant Australian diplomatic mission if living abroad. A service fee of $20 applies. This fee can sometimes be avoided if you obtain your ETA through a travel agent when booking your travel with them. Some online agents may also sell ETAs.
• eVisitor (subclass 651) for citizens of the Evropska unija, Norveška, Islandija, Švica, Združeno kraljestvo (British Citizens only, other types of British nationality not eligible) and a few Evropske mikrodržave. These visas are free, but otherwise effectively identical to the ETA. You must apply on-line.
• Visitor Visa (subclass 600). Passport holders of 55 countries, including all the ETA and eVisitor eligible countries and Argentina, Bahrajn, Brazil, Chile, Kuvajt, Maldivi, Oman, Katar, Savdska Arabija in ZAE can make applications online. Other nationalities must apply using the paper form, and may need to visit an embassy or visa processing centre.

Like the ETA and eVisitor, a Visitor 600 is by default issued for a three month stay. Unlike the other options however, a 600 visa lahko be issued for a longer stay of up to one year. For more than a three month stay, you will likely be asked for supporting documentation about the reason for your visit and your ties to your country of origin and may need to attend an interview. Depending on your nationality, the embassy or visa processing centre may also require you to have an Australian sponsor before issuing the visa. The fee is $140. ETAs and eVisitors are valid for multiple entries within a 12-month period. If you're eligible for either, it may be easier to stay the three months you're allowed, go to New Zealand, Singapur, Tajska or some other country reachable by a low cost airline for a few days and come back - restarting the 90-day clock. Doing this more than once, however, may cause immigration authorities to become suspicious, so proceed with caution if you pursue this route.

There is a special arrangement for parents of Australians, including Australian permanent residents. The 600 visa can be valid for 18 months, three years, or five years and allow a maximum stay of 12 months during an 18-month period, depending on the circumstances.

In most cases, ETAs and eVisitors are approved instantly and the visa will be issued and available for use immediately. If further enquiries are needed you may be asked to return to the application system later to see if you've been approved. Over 90% are processed the same day. In the worst-case scenario your application can be diverted for manual checks that can take months. if you have a complex national history, or any criminal record (including minor offences) you should allow plenty of time for the application.

If you are visiting Australia to work, study or for medical treatment, check to make sure you have the right kind of visa, as a tourist visa may not be sufficient. Breaching the conditions or planning to breach the conditions of your visa will result in visa cancellation, deportation, and/or a period of exclusion.

For all tourist visa classes you must be able to demonstrate your ability to support yourself financially for the time you intend to spend in Australia and meet character requirements. If you have a criminal conviction, contact an Australian Embassy or visa processing centre before applying or making travel arrangements.

New Zealand citizens may travel to Australia without a pre-arranged visa. They may apply for a Special Category New Zealand Citizen visa (subclass 444) when they arrive and it will be granted on the spot if they have no criminal conviction or tuberculosis. This visa allows them to live, work and study in Australia for as long as they like. New Zealand citizens with criminal convictions or tuberculosis may be denied this visa and should seek advice from an Australian diplomatic mission before travel. Non-citizen permanent residents of New Zealand are ne eligible for this visa and should apply for a visa based on the passport they hold.

If you are transiting through Australia, remain airside for a maximum of 8 hours, have a confirmed onward booking, have the correct entry documentation for the onward destination and are a citizen of New Zealand, the Evropska unija, Andora, Argentina, Brunej, Kanada, Ciper, Zvezne države Mikronezije, Fidži, Islandija, Indonezija, Japonska, Kiribati, Lihtenštajn, Malaysia, Mehika, Monako, Nauru, Norveška, Palau, Papua Nova Gvineja, Filipini, Južna Afrika, Republic of Marshall Islands, Samoa, San Marino, Singapur, Slovaška, Slovenija, Salomonovi otoki, Južna Koreja (ROK), Švica, Tajvan, Tajska, Tonga, Tuvalu, Združeni Arabski Emirati, Združeno kraljestvo (regardless of nationality status), the Združene države, Vanuatu ali Vatikan, you do ne need to apply for any advance visa. All other passengers who transit through Australia mora apply for a free-of-charge Transit Visa (subclass 771) before travel.

At selected airports, visitors who are citizens of Kanada, Irska, New Zealand, Singapur, Švica, Združeno kraljestvo in Združene države may make use of the SmartGate for automated immigration clearance when entering Australia. Being able to use SmartGate does not exempt you from visa requirements.

Customs and quarantine

Australia has strict quarantine requirements regarding importing animal and plant derived products (any food, wooden products, seeds, etc.) You must declare all such material, even if the items are permitted. Baggage is frequently scanned and may be examined by dogs. You may be fined $220 on-the-spot if you accidentally fail to declare, or even prosecuted in serious cases. Declared material will be examined and, depending on the circumstances, may be retained, disposed of, returned to you, or treated by quarantine at your expense. (You may have to pick the item up at a later time.) Processed and sealed chocolates and other confectionery are usually permitted after being declared and examined, as are reasonable quantities of infant formula with an accompanying infant. Different rules apply depending on the origin country of foods, and the state in which you are entering Australia. Check with the Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in vodne vire za več podrobnosti.

Travellers who are 18 years old or older are allowed to bring up to 2.25 litres of alcoholic beverages and up to 25 cigarettes or 25 grams of other tobacco products (including cigars) into Australia duty-free. These items may not be imported by anybody under the age of 18, and travellers who exceed their duty free allowance are liable to tax on all goods of that category, not just the amount in excess of the limit.

Some shells, coral and items made from a protected species are also prohibited to discourage the trade in items that may originate from a threatened ecosystem or species.

While there are no restrictions on the amount of denarja that can be brought in or out, Australian customs also requires you to declare if you are travelling with $10,000 or more (AUD or its equivalent in foreign currency) and you will be asked to complete some paperwork. Not declaring may expose you to a fine, possible seizure of the cash, or in the worst case even arrest.

Z letalom

Qantas landing at Sydney Airport

Australia is a long way from anywhere else in the world, so for most visitors the only practical way of getting into Australia is by air.

Australia's major points of entry, in decreasing order of importance, are the airports in Sydney (SYD ^IATA), Melbourne (MEL ^IATA), Brisbane (BNE ^IATA) in Perth (PER ^IATA). There are also limited international services into Adelaide, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin and the Gold Coast.

Sydney is a 3-hour flight from Auckland, New Zealand, a 7-11 hour flight from many countries in Asia, a 14-hour flight from the west of the United States and Canada, a 14-hour flight from Johannesburg, a 13-16 hour flight from Južna Amerika, and up to a 24-hour flight from western Evropi (including a stopover). On account of long journey times from some destinations, most travellers from Europe must have a stop-over, commonly in Singapur, Hong Kong, Dubaj, Doha, Bangkok ali Kuala Lumpur. Since March 2018, Qantas operates a nonstop flight from London Heathrow to Perth taking "only" 17 hours — the first ever regular nonstop route between Europe and Australia, and plans to start a flight from Brisbane to Chicago in April 2020. Qantas also has plans to introduce more ambitious non-stop routes from Sydney to London and New York later.

If you have to change to a domestic flight in a gateway city, Sydney, Brisbane and Perth all have separate domestic terminals, requiring some time and complexity to transit: check the guides. Melbourne, Adelaide, Darwin, Cairns and the Gold Coast all have gates in the eno terminal building or within easy walking distance of each other.

Australia's national carrier is Qantas, which together with its low-cost subsidiary Jetstar operate many flights into Australia from all 6 inhabited continents of the world. Virgin Australia flies several routes from North America, south-east Asia and the Pacific islands into Australia. For those coming from Europe, Singapore Airlines and Hong Kong's Cathay Pacific make good alternatives to Qantas, British Airways or the Gulf airlines for flights into Australia. Some routes into Australia are operated by discount airlines such as AirAsia X, AirAsia Indonesia, Scoot and Jetstar Airways.

Zasebno letalstvo

Private aviation companies such as Australia Jet Charter in JetCorpAustralia offer direct private flights year-round using a variety of aircraft. Popular airports for charter jets include Sydney Bankstown Airport, Gold Coast Airport, and Melbourne Essendon Airport.

Moj čoln

Cruise ships are available mostly in the November to February cruising season, and there are usually about 10 ships that arrive in Australia from other countries during this time. You can cruise to Australia, and then fly home. Holland America Line, Princess Cruises and Royal Caribbean all offer cruises to Australia across the Pacific.

You may sail to Australia in your own yacht, just make sure you submit the right paperwork to Border Force, and arrive at an approved port of entry.

There are no international ferry services operating.

By overland transport

There was a time when a couple of tour operators offered overland trips from London to Sydney, with only a short hop by air from South East Asia to North Western Australia while the bus went by barge. The only such tour operator is Madventure which runs 4 different routes: 26 weeks through Iran, Pakistan, and India; 26 weeks through the Caucasus & Central Asia; 64 weeks around Africa, the Middle East, & South Asia; and 64 weeks through Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, & Central Asia.

For those determined to travel overland as much as possible from Europe, you can travel independently to Singapore from Europe by train and/or bus on scheduled services, and fly from there to Perth (3,500 flight kilometres). For the truly determined overland traveller, you can get a ferry from Singapore to Indonesia and make your way across to Bali, where you can fly to Darwin (2,000 flight kilometres). For the intrepid, ferries to West Timor, a bus to Dili and a flight to Darwin will mean only 700 km in the air.

Travel to Darwin by cargo ship/ barge by ANL and Swire (the only two routine cargo haulers between Dili and Darwin) is not permitted (June 2016). For determined travellers, you may be able to obtain passage from Singapore by freighter vessel, organized through a travel agent.

Obiti

Australia is huge but sparsely populated over much of its area, and you can sometimes travel many hours before finding the next trace of civilisation, especially once you leave the south-eastern coastal fringe.

Almost all modern Australian maps, including street directories, use the Geocentric Datum of Australia (GDA) as their grid reference, which is for all purposes identical to the WGS84 used by the GPS. You can locate most things on an Australian map or street directory if you just have the "GPS coordinates".

Karantena

There are restrictions on carrying fruit and vegetables (including honey) between states and even between regions of states that are involved in fruit growing. If you are driving long distances or interstate, or flying between states, don't stock up on fruits and vegetables.

Z avtom

Poglej tudi: Vožnja v Avstraliji

Velika oceanska cesta

Part of the Stuart Highway in Central Australia

Australia has a generally well-maintained system of roads and highways, and cars are a commonly used method of transport. All the mainland state capitals are linked to each other by sealed highways. Some parts are dual carriageway but many sections are one lane each way with occasional overtaking lanes around every 5-20 km depending on the state. Roads linking minor centres (or what can look like short-cuts on the map) can be narrow or gravel roads.

Major hazards on Australian roads are wildlife and large trucks. Be sure to take extra care when driving at dusk or in the dark, as the risk of animal collisions increases significantly. Major regional areas have sealed (paved) dual-lane roads, but isolated areas may have poorly maintained dirt roads or even tracks. Distances and speeds are specified in kilometres and fuel is sold by the litre. There are no tolls on roads or bridges outside of the urban areas of Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While public transport is usable in the cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Perth, a car is handy, sometimes even essential, to get around anywhere else.

Australia drives on the left. Overseas visitors who are used to driving on the right should take care when they first drive, and again when they are driving on country roads with little traffic.

Generally, overseas licenses are valid for driving in Australia for three months after arrival. If the licence is not in English, an International Driving Permit (IDP) is required in addition to your licence. Licensing regulations and road rules vary slightly from state to state.

Australia's low population density and large size makes for long driving times between major centres.

The maximum speed limit on most rural Australian roads is 100 km/h. Sometimes this is increased to 110 km/h especially in WA, NT and NSW. Average speed is seldom above 80 km/h due to the poor road conditions and limited overtaking opportunities. On some national highways that traverse mountain ranges and travel through small towns, even averaging 60 km/h can be a challenge.

While major highways are well serviced, anyone leaving sealed (paved) roads in inland Australia should take advice from local authorities, check weather and road conditions, and carry sufficient spare fuel, spare parts, spare tyres, matches, food and water. Some remote roads might see one car per month or less.

Cellular coverage is non-existent outside of national highways and towns and you should take some precautions in case of emergency.

Heat and dehydration at any time of year can kill you. If stranded, stay with your vehicle and do what you can to improve your visibility from the air. Do not take this advice lightly; even local people die out there when their car breaks down and they are not reported missing. If you do have to abandon your car (say you break down and then get a lift), call in quickly to the local police station, to avoid the embarrassment and cost of a search being started for you.

Najem avtomobila

Major cities around Australia have multiple outlets providing a wide range of rental vehicles from major international rental companies. In smaller towns car rental can be difficult to find. One-way fees often apply from smaller regional outlets.

Smaller cars you can hire can be manual (stick-shift), whereas anything larger will mostly be automatic.

If you do not hold an Australian driving licence, some rental vehicle companies will require you to take a free driver knowledge test, aimed at tourists, that covers the basic road rules, or will take you on a short drive to assess whether you are competent behind the wheel.

Campervans

A campervan is a vehicle, usually a minivan, converted into a motorhome (recreational vehicle), most often catering to the vast number of young European and American backpackers traversing the country. The East Coast from Sydney to Cairns is especially abundant with happy, hungover youths travelling around in these vehicles. Vožnja v Avstraliji has more information on renting or buying a campervan.

S taksijem

Larger towns and cities have taxi services. Uber, DiDi and Ola are available in major cities. There are several smartphone taxi booking applications such as myDriver, GoCatch that make finding a licensed taxi simple.

Outside of cities, towns may have a limited taxi service. Maybe one or two drivers who may be part time. Smaller or remote towns may have no service at all.

When travelling alone, it is customary for a passenger to sit in the front passenger seat, next to the driver, rather than in the back. However, if you prefer to sit in the back then it isn't really a problem.

• Uber
• Didi
• Ola Cabs
• HOP

Z letalom

Qantas and Jetstar aircraft at Melbourne Airport

Due to the large distances involved, flying is a well-patronised form of travel in Australia. Services along the main business travel corridor (Melbourne-Sydney-Brisbane) are run almost like a bus service, with flights leaving every 15 minutes during the day.

The best fares are almost always available on the most competitive routes, whereas routes to remote destinations with fewer flights tend to be more expensive. Qantas actually do often offer competitive prices, so don't ignore that option just because they are the national carrier. There are only a handful of main airlines in Australia, so it won't take long to compare their prices on domestic routes:

• Qantas, the full-service national carrier, flying to major cities and some larger regional towns;
• Virgin Australia, a nationwide full-service airline, flying to major cities and a few larger regional towns;
• Jetstar, Qantas's discount arm with limited service and assigned seating.

Several airlines service regional destinations. Expect discounts on these airlines to be harder to come by, and for standard airfares to be above what you would pay for the same distance between major centres.

• Qantaslink, the regional arm of Qantas, covering the smaller cities in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and Western Australia;
• Regional Express, covering larger towns & cities on the eastern seaboard and in country South Australia;
• Skywest, covering regional Western Australia, Bali and Darwin;
• Airnorth, covering the Northern Territory;
• Skytrans Airlines, covering regional Queensland.
• Sharp Airlines, covering several regional towns in Victoria and South Australia.

Charters

Poglej tudi: Splošno letalstvo

Scheduled aviation only flies to a handful of the thousands of airports around Australia. There are numerous options to charter aircraft that may take you direct to smaller country towns or even offshore islands. The costs can be comparable to scheduled airlines if there are 3 or more people flying in a group. The Australian Private Pilots Licence permits private pilots to carry passengers and to recover the cost of the plane hire and fuel from passengers, but not to advertise for passengers or fly commercially. That said, if you check the web pages of local flying clubs, there are always private pilots willing to fly on a fine weekend if someone is willing to put in for the cost of the plane and fuel.

Z vlakom

Poglej tudi: Rail travel in Australia, Across Australia by train

Map of the main inter-city rail lines in Australia

Visitors from areas with well-developed long distance rail systems such as Europe and Japan may be surprised by the lack of high-speed, inter-city rail services in Australia. A historical lack of cooperation between the states, combined with sheer distances and a relatively small population to service, have left Australia with a national rail network that is relatively slow and used mainly for freight. Nevertheless, train travel between cities can be very scenic and present opportunities to see new aspects of the country, and can be a cost-effective way to get to regional towns and cities, which tend to have more expensive flights than those between the state capitals.

The long-distance rail services that do exist are mainly used to link regional townships with the state capital, such as Bendigo to Melbourne, or Cairns to Brisbane. In Queensland, a tilting train operates from Brisbane to Rockhampton and Brisbane to Cairns (Duh Queenslanda). Queensland also has passenger services to inland centres including Longreach (The Spirit of the Outback), Gora Isa (Inlander), Charleville (Westlander) in Forsayth (The Savannahlander). There are also inter-city train services operated by Great Southern Railways on the Melbourne-Adelaida (The Overland), Sydney-Adelaide-Perth (Indian Pacific) and Adelaide-Alice Springs-Darwin (Ghan). However, these are not "high-speed" services and actually cost more than flying, so if you do not enjoy train travel as part of your holiday then this is probably not for you.

Tasmania has no passenger rail services. The Northern Territory has the rail line linking Darwin to Adelaide through Alice Springs only, and the Australian Capital Territory has a single railway station close to the centre of Canberra.

Long distance train operators

Indian Pacific

• Velike južne železnice - A private train operator running luxury tourist train services, The Ghan, The Indian Pacific and The Overland between Sydney, Broken Hill, Adelaide, Alice Springs, Darwin, Perth and Melbourne.
• NSW Trainlink Regional - Links Sydney to Melbourne, Brisbane and Canberra, and regional connections to most New South Wales towns, including Dubbo, Coffs Harbour, in Wagga Wagga.
• V / Line - Train & coach services in Victoria, including combined Train and Coach services between Melbourne and Adelaide, Melbourne and Canberra.
• Queensland Rail - Long distance passenger train services in Queensland, including its flagship Spirit of Queensland service between Brisbane and Cairns.
• The Savannahlander - A privately-run train service that links Cairns with the outback town of Forsayth, using old heritage trains, and providing overnight accommodation and tours on the way.
• TransWA - State government run, operating train services to Kalgoorlie in Bunbury. TransWA also operates coach services to much of the state where former rail services operated in the past, especially the South West of the state.

Rail passes

No rail pass includes all train travel throughout Australia. However, if you are a train buff that intends travelling extensively by rail, there are some passes that may save you money. Plan your trip carefully before investing in a rail pass. Country train services are infrequent and can arrive at regional destinations at unsociable hours.

• Discovery Pass. Use any NSW Trainlink services (trains and coaches). Get anywhere in NSW, and north to Brisbane and south to Melbourne.
• Queensland Rail Coastal Pass and Queensland Rail Explorer Pass.

Local public transport

A suburban train in Sydney

Melbourne is well served by an extensive tram network.

Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide, Wollongong in Newcastle have train and bus services integrated into the city public transport, with trams also running in Melbourne, Adelaide, and Sydney, and ferries in Sydney, Brisbane and Perth. The remaining capital cities have bus services only. See those city guides articles for public transport details.

Some regional cities and towns have local bus services, but see the destination guides for service information, as frequency can be poor and weekend and evening services non-existent.

By motorail

Australia had a tradition of motorail, allowing you to carry carry your car with you on special car carriages attached to the back of the train. This service is now only available on Great Southern Railways between Adelaide, Perth, and Darwin. You cannot remove your car at any of the intermediate stations.

Z avtobusom

Bus travel in Australia is cheap and convenient, although the distances involved for interstate connections are daunting. Greyhound has the largest bus route network. There are no bus services from the other capital cities to Perth.

• Firefly Express, ☏1300 730 740 (local rate), 61 3 8318 0318 (international callers), ✉[email protected]. Firefly Express has services connecting Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. 
• Hrt, ☏1300 473 946 (local rate), ✉[email protected]. Greyhound travels to over 1100 destinations in Australia daily every day of the year. It has a variety of ticketing options allow you to travel at your own pace, hopping on and off as many times as your ticket allows. 
• Murrays, ☏ 61 13 22 51, ✉[email protected]. Murrays has services connecting Canberra with Sydney, the NSW South Coast in snowfields. 

Moj čoln

The Spirit of Tasmania II at Port Melbourne

Sydney, Brisbane, and Perth have ferries as part of their public transport system. Some smaller roads in the regional areas still have punts to carry cars across rivers and canals. The islands of the Barrier Reef have some scheduled services, and there are a few cruises that cross the top of Australia as well.

However, large inter city ferry services are not common.

• The Spirit of Tasmania. The only long distance ferry route connects Tasmania to the mainland and carries cars and passengers on the route across Bass Strait daily between Melbourne and Devonport.
• Sealink connects Kangaroo Island, Australia's second largest southern island to mainland South Australia with regular car ferries.
• Sea SA offers an short cut across the Spencer Gulf between Adelaide (Wallaroo) and the Lucky Bay on the Eyre Peninsula. The service has been suspended frequently, but is operating as of Dec 2018.

By thumb

It is legal to hitch hike in some states in Australia, so long as certain guidelines are followed. However, it is less commonly done than in neighbouring New Zealand. In Australia hitch hiking is often frowned upon by locals and police, especially in metropolitan areas.

Hitch hiking is illegal in Victoria and Queensland. It is also illegal to stand on the verge or walk along freeways (often called "motorways" in New South Wales and Queensland) in all states (effectively making hitch hiking illegal in many practical places, in all states).

If forced to hitch hike due to an emergency you may find a motorist willing to take you to the nearest town to obtain help. (Many major inter-city highways and freeways have emergency telephone units to request help.)

It is common to see a tourist hitching in rural areas. The best time to hitch hike is early morning. The best location is near, but not on, the main exit from the town you are in.

S kolesom

Cycling the long distances between towns in Australia is not common, and most long distance highways in Australia have poorly developed facilities for cyclists. for example, to cycle between Sydney and Brisbane you would have to allow 2–3 weeks with around 80–100 km per day.

Intrepid travellers do manage to cover the longer distances by bicycle, and have a different experience of Australia. Long distance cyclists can be encountered on the Nullarbor and other isolated highways.

In some states, former railway lines have been changed into rail trails. Rail Trail Australia website has good material of routes off the main highways, with the Murray to the Mountains Train being the best quality trail with the most to see and do along the route. In Western Australia long distance cycle trails have been developed for mountain bikers. The Munda Biddi trail is many days through bushland, with huts provided for camping along the route.

Wherever you cycle - if you leave the urban sprawl of the capital cities, careful planning is required to ensure the correct supplies are carried.

Pohodništvo

Walking through some parts of Australia is the only way to experience some particular landscapes. In Tasmania the Central Highland Overland Track and the South Coast Track are good examples of walking/hiking holiday to do items. The Bicentennial National Trail is one of the longest trails in the world, stretching from Cooktown in Northern Queensland, to Healesville.

Glej

Divje živali

A koala

Poglej tudi: Australasian wildlife

Australian flora and fauna is unique to the island continent, the result of having been isolated from the rest of the world for millions of years. Amongst Australian animals are a large group of marsupials (mammals with a pouch) and monotremes (mammals that lay eggs). Just some of the animal icons of Australia are the kangaroo (national symbol) and the koala. A visit to Australia would not be complete without taking the chance to see some of these animals in their natural environment.

Wildlife parks and zoos

• Wildlife parks and zoos are in every state capital city, but also check out the animal parks if you are passing through smaller towns, like Mildura ali Mogo, or staying on Hamilton Island. See the Warrawong Fauna Sanctuary if you are in South Australia, or visit the koalas with best view in the world, at Taronga Zoo in Sydney.

In the wild

A Tasmanian devil

• Kenguruji in wallabies are in national parks all around Australia. You won't see any kangaroos hopping down the street in Central Sydney, but they're common on the outskirts of most urban areas.
• Wombats in echidnas are also common, but harder to find due to their camouflage and tunnelling. See lots of echidnas on Kangaroo Island.
• Koalas are present in forests around Australia, but are notoriously very hard to spot, and walking around looking upwards into the boughs of trees will usually send you sprawling over a tree root. Best seen during the day, there is a thriving and friendly population on Raymond Island near Paynesville in Victoria. You have a good chance on Otway Coast, on the Great Ocean Road, or even in the National Park walk near Noosa on the Sunshine Coast.
• Emus are more common in central Australia. You will certainly see some if you venture into the outback national park at Currawinya
• Platypus are found in reedy, flowing creeks with soft river banks in Victoria, Southern New South Wales, and the very southern region of Queensland - seen at dusk and dawn - you have to have a bit of luck to see one. Try the platypus reserves in Bombala ali Delegat in New South Wales, or in Emu Creek at Skipton just out of Ballarat.

Convict sites

Much of Australia's modern history was as a penal colony for convicts from the United Kingdom, and there are many historical sites that still stand as a reminder of the days of convict transportation. Perhaps the most famous of these sites are Port Arthur v Tasmanija and Fremantle Prison in Fremantle, located near Perth, Zahodna Avstralija. There are also many other sites scattered throughout the country.

Mejniki

Sydney Opera House, one of most recognized Australian landmarks

Australia has many landmarks, famous the world over. From Uluru in the red centre, to the Sydney Harbour Bridge and Opera House in Sydney.

Small Australian towns have a tradition of making big sculptures as landmarks. Glej Big things in Australia.

Australia has thousands of heritage-registered sites, with 20 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Šport

Part of an AFL match between the Hawthorn and Essendon teams

Sport is an integral part of the Australian culture from the capital cities to country towns. As a testament to this, Australia has a track record of being one of the best performing teams at the Olympics despite its relatively small population. The majority of games are played over the weekend period (from Friday night to Monday night). Australian sports fans are generally well behaved, and it is not uncommon for fans of two opposing teams to sit together during a match, even if the teams are bitter rivals. While the cheering can get really passionate, actual crowd violence is extremely rare.

• In the winter in Victoria Australian Rules Football (Aussie Rules, or in some areas just "footy") is more than just a sport, it is a way of life. Catch a game at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Although originating from and most popular in the state of Victoria, the premier national competition, known as the Australian Football League (AFL), has teams from Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Perth, and the Gold Coast as well. The AFL Grand Final, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground either in late September or early October each year, is the most watched event on the Australian sporting calendar. The AFL now runs a women's league, known as AFL Women's, during the summer. While obviously not as popular as the men's game, it still enjoys a decent following. The next women's season in 2020 will feature 14 teams from all of the current men's AFL markets.
• In summer, international cricket is played between Australia and at least two touring sides. The games rotate around all the capital cities. To experience the traditional game catch the New Year's test match at the Sydney cricket ground played for 5 days starting from the 2nd of January, or the Boxing Day Test match in Melbourne. Or for a more lively entertaining form, that only takes a few hours, try a twenty-twenty match. The final form is "One Day" Cricket, international matches generally start at 13:00 and finish at 22:00 or 23:00 (a "Day-Nighter"), with most domestic and occasional international matches played from 11:00 to 18:00. The Australia Day One Day International is held in Adelaide every 26 January. Pepel is a series of five test matches played between the Australian and English national teams. It is held in Australia every three or four years, and is one of the highlights of the cricket calendar. Whenever Australia hosts the series, the five matches are held in the five largest cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.
• The Odprto prvenstvo Avstralije, one of the tennis Grand Slams, is played annually at Melbourne Park, including the main stadium of Rod Laver Arena, blizu Melbourne center mesta. Or the Medibank International in Sydney Olympic Park in January.

Hunter Stadium in Newcastle

.

• Catch a rugby union Super Rugby game, with teams playing from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and Japan in Brisbane, Canberra, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney during late Summer/Autumn. The Australian national team, the Wallabies, also host international teams during winter, including New Zealand, South Africa and Argentina for The Rugby Championship (formerly the Tri Nations tournament).
• Rugby League is a winter game played mainly in New South Wales and Queensland, with the National Rugby League (NRL) competition being the premier competition. Teams include Melbourne in Victoria, Brisbane, North Queensland and the Gold Coast in Queensland, a team from New Zealand, with the rest of the teams coming from suburban areas in Sydney, and some in regional areas of New South Wales such as Newcastle and Canberra. The competition culminates in the NRL Grand Final, which is held every year in the Stadium Australia in Sydney. The biggest event in the rugby league calendar of Australia is the State of Origin series between teams representing the states of New South Wales and Queensland, which consists of an annual series of three matches of which two are are played in Sydney and Brisbane, and the third is played in either of those cities or sometimes, Melbourne or Perth. Many fans consider the level of play in the State of Origin series to be even higher than that in the Rugby League World Cup.
• Netball is Australia's largest female sport, and there are weekly games in the domestic Super Netball league (which replaced a previous transnational league that also included New Zealand sides). The Australian national team is arguably the strongest in the world, with England, New Zealand and Jamaica usually posing the biggest challenge to Australian dominance.
• Nogomet is a growing sport that is aspiring to reach European levels. Many immigrants and second-generation Australians hail from European countries where passion for the sport is very high. The Australia national team (the Socceroos) won the Asia Cup for the first time in 2015 and have raised the sport's profile significantly. There is a national A-League, which is a fully professional league involving teams from Australia and one from New Zealand, with games played weekly during the summer. Most cities have a semi-professional "state league" played during winter, with most clubs being built around a specific ethnic/migrant community, for example a Newcastle league side Broadmeadow Magic, which was built around the cities' Macedonian population. While women's soccer is less popular as a spectator sport, it enjoys a decent following, with the national team (the Matildas) regularly participating in the World Cup. The women's counterpart to the A-League is the W-League.
• F1 Grand Prix The Melbourne Grand Prix in March takes place on a street circuit around Albert Park Lake, only a few kilometres south of central Melbourne. It is used annually as a racetrack for the Australian Grand Prix and associated support races.
• The Supercars prvenstvo je priljubljena oblika avtomobilskih dirk, značilna za Avstralijo, ki vključuje močne avtomobile, primerljive z dirkanjemi NASCAR v ZDA - čeprav v nasprotju z NASCAR-jem, ki dirka skoraj izključno na ovalnih progah, serija Supercars uporablja cestne proge in ulične kroge. Prireditve potekajo po vsej državi med marcem in začetkom decembra. Znameniti Bathurst 1000 tradicionalno poteka oktobra.
• Konjske dirke je tretji najbolj priljubljeni športni šport v Avstraliji po avstralski nogometni in rugby ligi, dirke pa redno potekajo v vseh prestolnicah Avstralije. Najpomembnejši dogodek v avstralskem koledarju konjskih dirk je vsakoletni Melbournski pokal, ki se uvršča tudi med najprestižnejše dirke na svetu.
• Dirke s hrti, čeprav manj priljubljen kot konjske dirke, ima veliko sledilcev tudi v Avstraliji, ki ima največjo hrvaško dirkalno industrijo na svetu. Dirkalne steze s hrti najdemo v vseh prestolnicah Avstralije in v številnih mestih po vsej državi.

Poti

• Rečna cesta Gibb
• Grand Pacific Drive - Spektakularna vožnja z oceanom po južni obali NSW.
• Gunbarrel Highway
• Skladba Oodnadatta
• Avtocesta Stuart: prečkanje Avstralije sever-jug
• Vojaški muzeji in znamenitosti v Avstraliji

Ali

Avstralija je znana po nekaterih najlepših plažah na svetu (na fotografiji plaža Bondi)

Surfers Paradise, ki se nahaja na Zlati obali, je eno najbolj priljubljenih turističnih destinacij v državi, ponaša se z nekaterimi največjimi svetovnimi plažami in se nahaja v bližini številnih tematskih parkov.

Plavaj

• v surfu. Avstralija ima na videz neskončne peščene plaže. Sledite množicam do svetovno znanih Plaža Bondi v Sydneyju, oz Surferski raj na zlati obali. Ali pa poiščite odsek zase (vendar pazite se nevarnih raztrganin na plažah, bistveno varneje je najti patruljirano plažo). Pripad je manjši in toplejši na tropskem severu, kjer greben nabrekne, na jugu pa večji in hladnejši z valovi, ki se valijo iz južnega oceana. (In ja, na sredini je ravno prav).
• v mirnih tropskih oceanih. Cable Beach v Broome ga plima vsak dan preplavi, ima popoln pesek in toplo vodo - pozimi.
• v termalnih bazenih. Južno od Darwina je veliko naravnih termalnih bazenov, kot so Berry Springs & Mataranka, obkroženi s palmami in tropskim listjem. Najdražje letovišče na svetu si ni moglo sanjati, da bi tako dobro naredili bazen.
• v sladkovodnih jezerih. V celinski Avstraliji je običajno suho, vendar obstajajo sladkovodna jezera, kjer bi jih najmanj pričakovali. Raziščite notranjost Cairnsa na Athertonskih poljih ali pa se odpravite nazaj do reke Currawinya National Park. Pazite na krokodile.
• v rekah. Če je vroče in je voda, bo prostor za kopanje. Kjer koli že ste, preprosto povprašajte po priljubljenem kopališču z vodno luknjo in vrvjo. Pazite na krokodile.
• v umetnih bazenih. Lokalni bazen je pogosto središče skupnostnega življenja na poletno nedeljo v mestih New South Wales in Victoria. Številna predmestja ob obali Sydneyja in Newcastla imajo umetne bazene iz kamna / betona, imenovane "kopeli", kjer lahko plavate ob oceanskih plažah.
• na plaži! Poiščite svoje mesto ob vodi in pojdite ven iz brisače. Pozimi tropski sever, poleti dol jug. Kot vedno v Avstraliji se zaščitite pred soncem.

Bushwalking

Bushwalking je priljubljena avstralska dejavnost. V številnih narodnih parkih in deževnih gozdovih se lahko podate na sprehod.

Potapljanje

Potapljač, ki gleda velikansko školjko na Velikem koralnem grebenu

• Potapljanje na dah z masko se odpravite na Veliki koralni greben na obali Queenslanda ali Greben Ningaloo ob obali Zahodne Avstralije. Ali pa se odpravite na Julijske skale Byron Bayali pa se potopite s plaže in si oglejte tropske ribe v Bundaberg.
• Potapljanje

Šport

• Golf
• Plezanje
• Gorsko kolesarjenje. Preizkusite poti v Snežne gore ali črna gora v Canberri ali pa dneve kolesarite po gorski kolesarski poti Munda Biddi v Zahodni Avstraliji.
• Jahanje. Konj ima v naselju Avstralije bogato tradicijo že od prihoda prvih evropskih naseljencev. Zanašanje na konja za potovanje po velikih razdaljah in težkih avstralskih okoljih je bil temelj močnih in trajnih odnosov med Avstralci in njihovimi konji. Danes jahanje konjev v Avstraliji vključuje številne rekreacijske in poklicne dejavnosti, od zbiranja goveda na prostranih postajah do večmilijonske dirkalne industrije. Na obrobju mest in v podeželski pokrajini boste videli številne ponije in zelo ljubljene konje, ki pričajo o nenehni strasti in zavzetosti avstralskih lastnikov konj do svojih konj in užitka, ki ga prinašajo.

Smučanje

• Smučanje. Novi Južni Wales in Victoria imata dobro razvite smučarske zmogljivosti. Tasmanija ima lahko smučanje tudi nekaj mesecev v letu, ob pravem vremenu.

Glej Zimski športi v Avstraliji

Surfajte

• Deskanje. Če menite, da je Avstralija najbolj nenaseljeno in najbolj oddaljeno mesto na svetu, kamor se lahko izognete sledu človeških stikov, preprosto poiščite dober oddih za surfanje v najbolj oddaljenem kotu Avstralije in zagotovo boste našli nekoga, ki bo deskal po njem. Avstralci radi surfajo in povsod, kjer je deskanje, so Aussie deskarji, kadar koli in pod kakršnimi koli pogoji. Skoraj vsaka obala, razen na zgornjem koncu od Cairnsa do Karathe, ima deskanje in deskarje, ki se tam vozijo.

Vznemirljive dejavnosti

• Potapljanje v nebopo vsej Avstraliji
• Baloni na vroč zrak, v Canberri, Brisbaneu ali na območju Rdeči center.
• Kitesurfing in jadranje na deski v Geraldtonu in zahodni Avstraliji ter na njej Plaža Coronation, prestolnica jadranja na deski in kajtanja v Avstraliji

Igre na srečo

Konjske dirke na tekmovanju za pokal Berrigan v majhnem mestecu Berrigan v Novem Južnem Walesu

Rečeno je bilo, da če se po steni plazita dve muhi, se morate samo ozreti okoli in poiskati Aussieja, ki bo vodil knjigo.

• Igralnice. Crown Casino v Melbournu je največji v Avstraliji, ki se nahaja na Southbank, obstajajo pa tudi drugi, razpršeni v vseh glavnih mestih in v Cairnsu, Launceston, Alice Springs, Zlata obala in Townsville.
• Dan na dirkah. Vsa glavna mesta imajo vsak konec tedna konjske dirke, pri čemer so na voljo stave na progi in na progi. Običajno so to družinske priložnosti, moda in videz pa so del dogodka. Skoraj vsak pub v Novem Južnem Walesu bo imel zavihek, kjer boste lahko stavili, ne da bi pustili svoj stol za šankom. Dirke in kasaški pasovi se dogajajo zvečer, ponavadi z manjšo gnečo, več piva in manj mode. Manjša podeželska mesta imajo dirkalna srečanja vsakih nekaj mesecev ali celo letno. To so resnični dogodki za lokalne skupnosti in glej, kako oživijo manjša mesta. Pojdite nazaj v Birdsville dirke, ali če se vam zdi, da so ulice zapuščene, je prvi torek v novembru (tekma v pokalu Melbourne) verjetno deset ob treh.
• Nenavadno. Dirke z kuščarji, dirke s krastačami, dirke kamel, rake. Stave na te dirke so popolnoma nezakonite in na zadnji strani lope boste našli TIB (popolnoma nezakonite stave).
• Dva gor. Če vas čaka Anzac Day (25. aprila), se bodo stave na kovance vržene v zrak dogajale v vašem lokalnem klubu RSL, kjer koli že ste.
• Avstralija ima skoraj četrtino vseh držav igralni avtomati (lokalno znani kot "pokiji" ali "poker avtomati") na svetu, več kot polovica pa jih je v Novem Južnem Walesu, kjer ima večina gostiln in klubov igralnice (iz pravnih razlogov z oznako "VIP saloni"), kjer lahko "imajo klofuto" in pojdite na funkcijo.
• Če se nič od tega ne pritoži in imate v žepu preveč denarja, vsako mesto in predmestje v Avstraliji ima TAB. Izberite svoj šport, izberite zmagovalca in denar predajte na okencu.

Igre na srečo so nezakonite za mlajše od 18 let. To lahko pogosto omeji vstop v dele lokalov, klubov in igralnic za otroke.

Kraljeve predstave

Vsaka od avstralskih držav in celinskih ozemelj je dom a kraljevska predstava, ki so kmetijski sejmi, na katerih so tudi zabavne vožnje in druge oblike zabave, in služijo kot avstralski ekvivalent državnih sejmov v ZDA. Te prireditve potekajo v prestolnicah posamezne države in ozemlja, običajno v spomladanskih ali jesenskih mesecih.

Nakup

Pitt Street Mall v Sydneyju je eno najbolj prometnih nakupovalnih četrti v Avstraliji

Denar

Avstralska valuta je znana kot dolar, označena s simbolom "$"ali"$"(Koda ISO: AUD). Razdeljeno je na 100 centov (¢). V tem priročniku znak "$" označuje avstralske dolarje, če ni navedeno drugače.

Kovanci so v apoenih po 5 ¢, 10 ¢, 20 ¢, 12-stranskih 50 ¢, 1 USD in drobnih 2 USD. Novokolandski kovanci 5 ¢, 10 ¢ in 20 ¢ pred letom 2006 so bili skoraj enaki avstralskim kolegom, razen z drugačno stranjo repov, zato jih med avstralskimi spremembami nenavadno naletite. Opombe so v apoenih 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 in 100 dolarjev (vse v značilnih barvah). Bankovci za 100 dolarjev so redki in jih občasno težko uporabite v trgovinah. Avstralske note so natisnjene na plastični polimer in ne na papir. Če znesek transakcije ni večji od 5 centov, se znesek zaokroži na najbližjih pet centov, če plačujete z gotovino. Natančen znesek se zaračuna pri plačilu s kartico.

Dolar ni vezan na nobeno drugo valuto in z njim zelo trgujejo na svetovnih deviznih trgih, zlasti valutni špekulanti. Njegova menjalna vrednost za druge valute je lahko precej spremenljiva in 1-2-odstotne spremembe na dan so razmeroma redne.

Menjalnica

Bankovci avstralskih dolarjev v denarnici

Ker velja avstralski dolar za glavno svetovno valuto, je na voljo v menjalnikih in bankah po vsem svetu.

Menjalci denarja v Avstraliji delujejo na prostem trgu in zaračunavajo vrsto pavšalnih provizij, procentualnih provizij, nerazkritih provizij, vgrajenih v menjalni tečaj, ali kombinacije vseh treh. Stopnjam odpiranja se lahko izognete z uporabo bank v večjih središčih in izogibanjem letališč in turističnih središč. Vendar pa tako najboljše kot najslabše cene prihajajo od majhnih zasebnih prodajalcev in z nakupovanjem lahko zagotovo prihranite denar pri bankah. Vedno dobite ponudbo, preden zamenjate denar. Običajno boste morali imeti pri sebi identifikacijo s fotografijo, čeprav boste morda oproščeni, če spremenite le majhen znesek.

Namenska prodajna mesta menjalnic so na voljo v večjih mestih, banke pa lahko zamenjajo tudi večino neomejenih valut. Te menjalnice - zlasti tiste na letališču - lahko zaračunajo 10% najboljše menjave, ki jo lahko dobite pri nakupovanju. Avstralske banke ponavadi ponujajo menjalni tečaj približno 2,5% glede na trenutno sredino tečaja. Na vrhu lahko zaračunate pavšalno provizijo v višini 5–8 USD. Nekatera prodajalna oglašujejo prosti menjalnik, ki ga običajno spremlja slabši menjalni tečaj. Ne domnevajte, da bo vsaka banka ponudila isto menjavo. Preprost izračun vam bo dal vedeti, kaj ponuja najboljšo ponudbo za znesek, ki ga želite zamenjati. V turistični brošuri na letališču v Sydneyju so na voljo kuponi za brezplačno menjavo provizije pri American Expressu.

Na mednarodnih letaliških terminalih bodo na voljo blagajni, ki lahko avstralsko valuto izdajo s karticami Cirrus, Maestro, MasterCard ali Visa.

Bančništvo

Odpiranje avstralskega bančnega računa je dokaj enostavno, če imate naslov prebivališča v Avstraliji. Za obdelavo vaše vloge boste morali banki predložiti dokazila o svoji identiteti, na primer potni list. Največje maloprodajne banke v Avstraliji so National Australia Bank (NAB), Avstralska in Novozelandska bančna skupina (ANZ), Commonwealth Bank in Westpac.

Bankomati so na voljo skoraj v vseh avstralskih mestih. Avstralski bankomati so neregulirani in lahko naložijo doplačilo za to, kar zaračuna vaša banka ali izdajatelj kartice. Pristojbine se lahko razlikujejo med ustanovami in med lokacijami, vendar so običajno okoli 2 USD. Na bankomatu bodo prikazani stroški in imeli boste možnost ustaviti transakcijo, preden vam zaračunajo. Pri svoji banki preverite, katere dodatne provizije zaračunavajo za dvige v Avstraliji.

Stroški

Avstralija je na splošno drago mesto za obisk, saj so nekatere raziskave Avstralijo po tretjih najdražjih državah na svetu glede na potrošniške cene uvrstile le za Norveško in Švico.

Prenočišča v prenočiščih v glavnem mestu znašajo približno 30 dolarjev, v Cairnsu ali cenejših centrih za popotnike pa lahko znašajo tudi do 15 dolarjev. Osnovni motel v državi ali v predmestju glavnega mesta bi za dvoposteljno stal približno 100 dolarjev. Hotelsko nastanitev City Center v glavnih mestih lahko dobite za približno 150 USD navzgor za dvojno osebo. Hoteli v slogu Formule 1 / Motel 6 (ki niso pogosti) znašajo približno 60–90 USD za dvoposteljno sobo.

Najem avtomobila bo stal približno 65 USD na dan. Dan javnega prevoza znaša od 10 do 20 USD na dan, odvisno od mesta.

Obrok v kavarni stane približno 10–15 USD, glavna jed v restavraciji pa znaša od približno 17 USD navzgor.

Osnovni obrok za s seboj - hamburger, modni sendvič ali nekaj rezin pice bi stalo 5–10 USD, Big Mac stane 4,50 USD, navadno pa lahko zgrabite pito za približno 3 USD ali klobaso za 2,50 USD. Pica za s seboj, ki je dovolj velika za prehrano dveh, stane približno 10 dolarjev.

Middy / lonec (285 ml) hišnega piva vas bo stal približno 4 dolarje, kozarec hišnega vina pa približno 6 dolarjev v nižji pivnici. Za odvzem bo škatla s 24 pločevinkami piva stala približno 40 dolarjev ali steklenica vina okoli 8 dolarjev.

Letalske karte med sosednjimi vzhodnimi prestolnicami znašajo približno 120 USD v obe smeri, vendar lahko dosežete tudi 60 USD, če rezervirate ob pravem času, ali približno 350 USD za prevoz po državi, če ste prilagodljivi z datumi in rezervirate vnaprej. Vožnja z vlaki na državnih vlakih običajno stane nekoliko manj. Izlet z avtobusom, spet malo manj. Vožnja z vlakom na zasebnih vlakih bo najdražji način potovanja.

Običajno se ne plača vstopnina na plaže ali mestne parke. Nekateri priljubljeni narodni parki zaračunajo od 10 do 20 ameriških dolarjev na dan (na avto ali na osebo, odvisno od države), medtem ko so nekateri nacionalni parki brezplačni. Umetniške galerije in nekatere znamenitosti so brezplačne. Muzeji običajno plačajo približno 10 USD na vstopnino. Tematski parki zaračunajo približno 70 USD na osebo.

Davek

Avstralija ima 10% Davek na blago in storitve (GST) to velja za vse blago in storitve, razen za nepredelano hrano, izobraževanje in zdravstvene storitve. GST je vedno vključena v prikazani ceni morebitnih potrošniških nakupov. Računi (davčni računi) bodo vsebovali znesek DDV.

Shema turističnih povračil

Če naenkrat kupite blago nad 300 USD naenkrat, lahko povrnete davek na blago, če izdelke odnesete iz Avstralije v 60 dneh. Za razliko od mnogih drugih držav to velja tako za avstralske državljane kot za tujce. Poskrbite, da boste od dobavitelja prejeli davčni račun (na katerem bo blago razčlenjeno, plačan davek na blago in ABN dobavitelja). Predmete spakirajte v ročno prtljago in po priseljevanju in varovanju ob odhodu iz Avstralije predmete in potrdilo predložite TRS. Če je treba katerega koli predmeta iz kakršnega koli razloga prijaviti, se prepričajte, da ste poiskali carinski urad in carinarjem omogočili, da blago vidijo pred prijavo vaših prtljag. Pred odhodom si privoščite tudi dodatnih 30 minut in po možnosti vnesite podatke v spletu, preden prispete na letališče. Vračilo lahko plačate s čekom, kreditom na avstralski bančni račun ali s kreditno kartico. Za storitve GST ni na voljo vračila kupnine. Ne pozabite, da se blago zdaj šteje za dajatev in zanje boste morali plačati davek na blago, če ga pripeljete nazaj v Avstralijo in presega vaše dajatve.

Kreditne kartice

V Avstraliji so splošno sprejete kreditne kartice. Skoraj vsi veliki prodajalci, kot so supermarketi, sprejemajo kartice, prav tako številne majhne trgovine. Visa in MasterCard so najpogosteje sprejete kartice, nato American Express, nato Diners Club z drugimi kartami, ki jih nikoli ali zelo redko sprejemajo. American Express in Diners Club sprejemajo v večjih verigah supermarketov in veleblagovnic. Katero koli kartico z logotipi Cirrus ali Maestro lahko uporabite na katerem koli terminalu, ki prikazuje te logotipe. Avstralske debetne kartice lahko uporabljate tudi prek sistema, znanega kot EFTPOS.

Apple Pay, Google Pay in brezkontaktne kreditne kartice sprejemajo skoraj vsi terminali. PIN boste morali vnesti le, če je nakup nad 200 USD.

Vse avstralske kreditne kartice se izdajo s kodo PIN. Če imate čezmorsko kartico brez PIN-a, se lahko še vedno podpišete za nakupe, vendar trgovci, ki niso vajeni pri poslovanju s čezmorskimi karticami, tega morda ne vedo. Poskusite imeti kodo PIN, če to dovoljuje vaša banka. V nasprotnem primeru boste morda morali razložiti, da imate čezmorsko kartico, in počakati, da trgovk najde pisalo.

Doplačila za kreditne kartice veljajo v vseh agencijah za najem avtomobilov, potovalnih agencijah, letalskih družbah ter nekaterih prodajalcih in bencinskih servisih s popustom. Doplačila so veliko pogostejša in višja za American Express in Diners Club (običajno 2% -4%) kot za Visa in MasterCard (običajno 1,5%).

Kreditne kartice UnionPay ter AliPay in WeChat Pay so zaradi naraščajočega števila kitajskih obiskovalcev vse pogostejše v turističnih trgovinah in restavracijah. Težko pa jih je uporabiti v drugih podjetjih.

Barantanje

V avstralskih trgovinah pogajanja niso pogosta, čeprav so prodajalci običajno pripravljeni izpolniti ponudbo ali oglaševano ceno konkurenčnega prodajalca. Prav tako je vredno vprašati za "najboljšo ceno" za blago visoke vrednosti ali nakupe, ki vključujejo več predmetov. Na primer, ne bi bilo nenavadno, če bi dobili 10% popusta na nakit, ki že ni bil poceni. Oseba, s katero imate opravka, ima lahko omejena pooblastila za prodajo predmetov po kar koli drugega kot označena cena. Poskus barantanja brez razloga bo v Avstraliji najverjetneje nesramen in neuspešen.

Prekuhavanje

Prekuhavanje je ne običajno v Avstraliji, čeprav so nasveti sprejeti, če se odločite, da jih boste dali.

Restavracije morajo v objavljene cene vključiti stroške storitve in davke. Lahko pa se odločite, da pustite majhen namig, če je bila storitev zgledna. Pri plačilu s kreditno kartico nekatere restavracije višjega razreda plačilu dodajo napitnino, čeprav je to povsem neobvezno. Na drugih mestih blagajnik z oznako 'Nasveti' ponuja kozarec za kovance, pogosteje pa ga gostje ne zapustijo. Barmani redko dobijo napitnino.

Druge storitveno osebje, vključno z hotelskim osebjem, nosači, turističnimi vodiči, vozniki dostave hrane in frizerji, ne pričakujejo nasvetov.

V taksiji prav tako ne pričakujejo napitnin in vozniki običajno vrnejo vašo ceno na zadnjih 5 centov, razen če navedete, da bi morali vozovnico zaokrožiti na najbližji dolar. Nenavadno je, da potniki vozniku naročijo, naj zaokroži do naslednjega celega dolarja.

Igralnice v Avstraliji na splošno prepovedujejo napotitve igralniškega osebja, saj se šteje za podkupovanje. Podobno se ponudba napotkov vladnim uradnikom običajno razlaga kot podkupovanje in se lahko obravnava kot kaznivo dejanje.

Ure trgovanja

Znak, ki označuje, da je trgovina odprta

Nakupovalni center v Perthu

Avstralije osnovni čas trgovanja so od ponedeljka do petka, od 9: 00-17: 00. Trgovine imajo ponavadi eno noč poznonočnega trgovanja, v petek pa v večini mest ostanejo odprte do 21:00 in ob četrtkih v Brisbaneu, Melbournu in Sydneyu. Nedeljsko trgovanje je običajno v glavnih mestih, vendar ne obstaja na vseh podeželskih območjih. Delovni čas, ki presega te osnovne ure, se razlikuje glede na vrsto trgovine, lokacijo in državo. Za več lokalnih informacij si oglejte naše lokalizirane vodnike.

Večje verige supermarketov v glavnih središčih so navadno odprte vsaj do 21:00 med delavniki (in pogosto do polnoči), vendar imajo navadno skrajšane ure ob koncih tedna. Udobne trgovine, kot je 7/11, so v večjih središčih odprte 24 ur.

Verige restavracij s hitro prehrano so običajno odprte 24 ur ali vsaj zelo pozno. Številna živilska sodišča v mestnih središčih se običajno zaprejo do 16. ure in so ob koncih tedna popolnoma zaprta, če ciljajo na pisarniške delavce, toda druga prehrambena igrišča v nakupovalnih središčih imajo daljše ure.

Bencinske črpalke so v večjih središčih odprte 24 ur, v podeželskih mestih pa pogosto zaprejo ob 18. uri in ob nedeljah.

Avstralije vikend je v soboto in nedeljo v vsakem tednu. Trgovina na drobno je danes v večjih mestih ob koncih tedna skorajda univerzalna, čeprav z nekoliko zmanjšanimi urami. Tudi zahodna Avstralija je izjema z omejitvami za velike trgovine, ki se odpirajo ob nedeljah. V manjših podeželskih mestih so trgovine zaprte ob nedeljah in pogosto tudi ob sobotah popoldne.

Turistično usmerjena mesta in trgovine lahko ostanejo odprte dlje časa. Turistična območja znotraj mest, kot npr Darling Harbor v Sydneyju imajo vsak večer daljši čas trgovanja.

Avstralske banke so odprte samo od ponedeljka do petka od 9.00 do 16.00, pogosto se zaprejo ob petkih ob 17.00. Gotovina je na voljo prek bankomatov 24 ur, menjalnice pa so podaljšane in so odprte ob vikendih.

Jej

Na avstralsko kuhinjo je do šestdesetih in sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja vplivala predvsem britanska kolonialna dediščina, toda z zgodovino priseljevanja iz drugih delov Evrope, kot so Nemčija, Italija, Grčija in Poljska, je vpliv teh kultur v avstralski kuhinji postal bolj očiten kot njen Britanski začetki. Velik priliv azijskih migrantov je pustil pečat tudi v avstralski kuhinji, saj so številni avstralski kuharji azijske vplive vključili v nominalno zahodne jedi.

Različna aboridžinska plemena imajo svoje značilne kuhinje, čeprav zaradi dejstva, da v veliki meri uporabljajo eksotične sestavine, te večinoma niso postale del običajne avstralske kuhinje.

Na splošno se obnašanje miz v Avstraliji sklada Evropski norme.

Mesta za jesti

V mestih ne manjka mest za prehranjevanje. Poleg dobrih restavracij, ki ponujajo kulinariko z vsega sveta, obstajajo tudi naslednje:

• Gostilne, kontra kosilo je ime za kosilo, ki ga postrežejo v baru lokala. Tradicionalno se streže samo v času kosila v salonu. Danes večina pubov ponuja kosilo in večerjo, mnogi pa imajo ločen bistro ali restavracijo. Pogosti so zrezek, piščančja parmigiana in nachos.
• Klubi, klubi, kot so kegljaški klubi, klubi lig, RSL so v številnih mestih. Najpogostejši so v zveznih državah Queensland in Novi Južni Wales. Večina dovoli obiskovalcem in včasih ponudi dobro hrano. Pogosto je potrebna članarina.
• Kavarne, večina mest in predmestja ima kavarno ali kavarno, kjer čez dan strežejo zajtrk ter lahke obroke in pecivo. Nenavadno je, da se po 15.00 zaprejo.
• Pekarne, navadno dober kraj za nakup žemljic, pite ali zvitka za klobase.
• Restavracije s hitro hrano, McDonald's (oz Macca), Podzemna železnica in KFC so pogosti. Burger King je tu preimenovan v Hungry Jack's. Red Rooster je avstralska veriga, ki ponuja piščanca na žaru in druge izdelke, ki temeljijo predvsem na piščancu.
• Odvoz, mlečne ploščice, suši trgovine in druge prodajalne za poneti običajno prodajajo suši, pite, piščanca na žaru, hamburgerje, ribe in čips, žiroskope in kebabe.
• Sodišča za hrano, večina nakupovalnih središč ima sodišče s hrano, tudi v podeželskih mestih.
• Piknik, avstralsko podnebje je običajno primerno, da dobite hrano, ki jo lahko, in se odpravite do najbližjega parka, reke, jezera ali plaže. Pogosto so na voljo oprema za peko na žaru.
• Žar, je priljubljena avstralska zabava in številni parki v Avstraliji nudijo brezplačne žare za javno uporabo. V nasprotju s stereotipom Avstralci redko "vržejo kozico na barbiko" (tudi v Avstraliji kozico bolj pogosto imenujejo kozica). Zrezki, kotleti, klobase, piščančji fileji, ribe in kebabi so priljubljeni na žaru.
• Vinarne, številne avstralske kleti imajo restavracije, ki strežejo sodobno avstralsko kulinariko in gledajo na njihove vinograde, kjer lahko tudi kupite njihova vina ob obroku. Običajno je odprto samo za kosilo, čeprav je izjema restavracija Magill Estate Penfolds v Adelaideu, ki se odpre samo za večerjo.

Žar na prostem ob jezeru Jackadder, Woodlands, Zahodna Avstralija. Podobne objekte najdete v številnih parkih po Avstraliji.

Center Place v CBD v Melbournu je obložen s kavarnami

Domača hrana

File kenguruja v restavraciji v Sydneyju

Lahko je razočaranje, ker domačih živil dejansko ni na voljo toliko v avstralskih restavracijah, niti jih Avstralci ne zaužijejo sami. Na voljo je v supermarketih in nekaterih bolj oddaljenih delih države. Tradicionalne aboridžinske diete lahko vključujejo ogrožene vrste, katerih uživanje je strogo omejeno na določene skupnosti in vam verjetno ne bo na voljo.

• Kengurujček, če vam je všeč, je na voljo v številnih supermarketih in mesnicah. Žar je do srednje redke, vendar najbolje, da se ne prepeče, saj lahko postane čisto težko. Po okusu je podobno govedini. Občasno pride na jedilnik v restavracijah, večinoma na turističnih območjih. Kengurujev je veliko, občutno avstralskemu okolju naredijo veliko manj škode kot kopitarji, prav tako pa proizvedejo veliko manj emisij ogljika. Kenguru je odlična okoljska izjava med žarom.
• Krokodil, meso s kmetij na severnem ozemlju in v Queenslandu je široko dostopno na zgornjem koncu in občasno drugje. V Rockhamptonu, goveji prestolnici Avstralije, lahko vidite starodavnega plazilca na kmetiji, medtem ko se žvečite na hamburgerju.
• Emu, ja, lahko pojeste tudi drugo polovico avstralskega grba. Emu vsebuje malo maščob in je na voljo v specialnih mesnicah. Preizkusite grb v torti Maleny ali na pico v Kamnine.
• Bush Tucker, številne ture vam lahko dajo priložnost, da poskusite nekaj grmovja, jagodičja, oreščkov, korenin, mravelj in drobtin iz avstralskega domačega grma. Makadamije so edina avtohtona rastlina v Avstraliji, ki se komercialno goji za prehrano. Nekatera druga grmičarska živila so lahko že pridobljenega okusa, čeprav je vsekakor vredno poskusiti domače začimbe, ki jih vse pogosteje predstavljajo v avstralskih restavracijah s fino jedilnico. Sladoled Bush Tuckerja lahko včasih najdemo na tržnicah kmetov in festivalih na prostem.

Poleg kuhinje

Pavlova, okrašena s smetano in malinami

Avstralija ima veliko britanske hrane, ki ni mednarodno znana. Vsekakor vredno poskusiti.

Vegemite, slani namaz na osnovi kvasa, najbolje na tanko namazan na toast. Če niste pripravljeni za nakup kozarca, vam kavarna v času zajtrka postreže vegemit na toastu. Morda ga sploh ni na jedilniku, a vegemit bo zadaj v kozarcu poleg marmelade. Če kupite kozarec, je skrivnost v tem, da ga razporedite zelo tanko in ne pozabite tudi na maslo. Po okusu je podoben Marmiteu v Združenem kraljestvu ali Cenovisu v Švici. Avstralci so okusa precej navajeni in lahko Vegemite razširijo zelo gosto; vendar to ni priporočljivo za začetnike.

The Tim-Tam je čokoladni sendvič z dvema čokoladnima piškotoma, namočenima v čokolado. Paket (ali dva) lahko kupite v katerem koli supermarketu ali trgovini. Tim-Tams so potrebni za izvedbo Tim-Tam Slam manevriranje. Za to je treba odgrizniti oba konca Tim-Tama, nato pa ga uporabiti kot slamico, da popijete svojo najljubšo toplo pijačo, običajno kavo. Vroča pijača topi sredino in ustvari izkušnjo, ki jo je težko opisati. Finost je potrebna, da v mikrosekundah med popolnim nasičenjem in raztapljanjem vpijete celoten piškot v usta. Tim-Tams se prodajajo v pakiranjih po 11 kosov, zato se pred nakupom paketa s svojim potovalnim partnerjem dogovorite za dogovore o skupni rabi, sicer lahko pride do motenj nadaljnjih potovalnih dogovorov. Poleti Tim-Tams pogosto shranjujejo v zamrzovalniku in jedo ledeno mrzlo.

The lamington je kocka biskvita, prekrita s čokoladno glazuro in potopljena v sušen kokos. Ime je dobil po lordu Lamingtonu, ki je bil guverner Queenslanda od 1896 do 1901. Doma pečeno obliko najdete na lokalni sobotni tržnici ali pa jo kupite v pekarni, če ste obupani. Za vsako ceno se izogibajte sortam, zavitih v plastično maso, ki se prodajajo v supermarketih.

The pavlova je meringue torta s smetanovim prelivom, običajno okrašena s svežim sadjem. Postrežemo ob posebnih priložnostih ali po kosilu. Pogosto vir spora z Nova Zelandija nad prvotnim virom recepta.

ANZAC piškoti so mešanica kokosa, ovsa, moke, sladkorja in zlatega sirupa. Žene in skrbniške organizacije so jih na čast pošiljale vojakom prve svetovne vojne v paketih za oskrbo, vendar je zgodba verjetno apokrifna. Na voljo so v pekarnah, kavarnah in supermarketih, priljubljeni pa so pred dnevom ANZAC (25. aprila).

Blažilnik je tradicionalni soda kruh, ki so ga pekli droverji in živinorejci. Ima osnovne sestavine (moko, vodo in morda sol) in je običajno kuhana v ognju. Običajno ni na voljo v pekarnah, turistom pa ga pogosto postrežejo na organiziranih turah. Najbolje jesti z maslom in marmelado ali zlatim sirupom, saj je suh in nežen.

A Chiko zvitek je globoko ocvrt prigrizek, ki ga navdihuje jajčni zvitek ali pomladni zvitek. Kljub imenu ne vsebuje piščanca. Njeno polnilo je odkoščena ovčetina, zelenjava, riž, ječmen in začimbe. Njegova lupina je debelejša od jajčnega zvitka, ki naj bi preživel rokovanje na nogometnih tekmah. Na voljo kjer koli lahko kupite ribe in čips.

The Avstralska mesna pita mnogi menijo, da je nacionalna jed. Različica je plovec za pito iz Adelaide, ki je pita, obrnjena v skledo z gosto kašasto grahovo juho.

Druge kuhinje

Kuhinje, ki so v Avstraliji široko dostopne in jih pogosto pripravijo pripadniki ustrezne kulture, vključujejo:

• Britanski, Avstralsko kolonialno dediščino morda najbolje zastopa vseprisotnost ribe in krompirček, in skoraj vsaka soseska in majhno mesto na obalnem območju bo imelo lokalno trgovino z ribami in čipsom. Pogoste vrste rib, ki se uporabljajo v Avstraliji, vključujejo kosmiče (različne vrste majhnih morskih psov), ravne glave, barramundi in mola King George. V nasprotju z Združenim kraljestvom v Avstraliji ribe in čips običajno postrežejo s kečapom in vinsko omako. Pubi v britanskem in irskem slogu so pogosti v naseljenih območjih Avstralije, čeprav imajo avstralske sponke, kot so piščančji parme, šnicli in testenine.
• Kitajski, sinonim za izraz "takeaway" v preteklih generacijah. Many Chinese restaurants still cater to takeaway addicts today, mostly of the Australianised Chinese variety, but major cities have small "Chinatowns" or suburbs with a large number of ethnic Chinese residents, that have excellent restaurants serving authentic Chinese food. Cantonese Dim Sum is available in dedicated restaurants in most large shopping malls.
• Tajski restaurants have exploded in number over the past decade. Sydney in particular is known as one of the best destinations for Thai food in the world.
• Italijansko, the Italian community is one of the largest ethnic communities of non Anglo-Saxon origin in Australia, and they have contributed greatly to the cafe culture that has flourished across the major cities over the past few decades. Restaurants either serve Italian food that has been adapted to suit Australian tastes, or authentic regional Italian food, with the latter tending to be pricier and in more upmarket surrounds. Head to Lygon street in Melbourne or Leichhardt in Sydney if you're a fan.
• Grški is not quite as widespread as Italian above, but good options in every city and town.
• Libanonski and other Middle Eastern, especially in Sydney. A Manoosh is a tasty pizza variation that is somewhat more healthy as well.
  • A fusion dish that's becoming increasingly popular nationwide is the halal snack pack (also known by many alternate names). It consists of halal-certified doner kebab meat (originating from Turkey) and chips, covered by any of a wide variety of sauces and often cheese. Typically served in styrofoam containers as a takeaway dish.
• Indijski is available in most cities, and often represent a good mid-range restaurant option.
• Japonski, including bento takeaway shops, udon restaurants and sushi trains. They are often operated by Korejci, whose own cuisine is also well represented in the major cities.
• Vietnamski, Pho and Cha Gio (spring rolls) are easy to find in the major cities.
• Nemško, South Australia and Queensland in particular have had a long history of German settlement, and German restaurants can be found in major cities and in country towns that were historically settled by Germans. The schnitzel is a German dish that has been Australianised and is widely available in pubs and cafes throughout the country, though unlike German schnitzels, which are usually made of pork, Australian schnitzels are usually made of chicken or beef. A good selection of German or German-inspired sausages is also available at many butchers.
• Asian fusion refers generally to Asian-inspired dishes.

Modern Australian

Modern Australian is a recently developed cuisine that is often seen in fine dining establishments, analogous to Modern American cuisine in the United States. This cuisine mixes cooking styles and flavours from different parts of Europe and Asia, paying homage to the diverse origins of Australia's population, and often incorporates native Australian flavours from the bush as well.

Vegetarijansko

Eating vegetarian is available in Australia and many restaurants offer at least one or two vegetarian dishes. Some will have an entire vegetarian menu section. Vegans may have more difficulty but any restaurant with a large vegetarian menu should offer some flexibility. In large cities and in the coastal backpacker-friendly towns along the east coast, you will find vegetarian and vegan restaurants. The market town of Kuranda or the seaside towns of Byron Bay are a vegetarian's paradise. In other regional areas especially in the Northern Territory, North Western Australia and north Queensland vegetarians are often poorly catered-for, but most towns will have a Chinese or Thai restaurant that will provide steamed rice and vegetables. Sydney and Melbourne in particular cater well for vegans and vegetarians with a lot of purely vegetarian restaurants, vegan clothing stores and vegan supermarkets.

Quick vegetarian options include:

• 'Smashed Avo' is a mix of avocado and feta cheese, served on toast and with an egg. A popular breakfast option and (unfairly) associated with free spending millennials.
• Sushi rolls and tofu pockets, available at sushi shops everywhere
• Vietnamese spring rolls (Bahn Mi) are also readily available with vegetarian fillings
• Korean restaurants offer rice bowls (such as Bibimbap) with no meat
• Pie shops of spinach rolls (filled with spinach and ricotta cheese)
• Most food halls have a dedicated salad counter

More remote outback areas may have very few vegetarian options (lots of processed meat pies and little else), so it is worth packing some vegetarian supplies before you go.

Religious diets

People observing kosher or halal will easily be able to find specialist butchers in the capital cities, and will also find a number of restaurants with appropriate menus and cooking styles. Outside the capital cities, it will be much more difficult to find food prepared in a strict religious manner. Fast food chains often offer Halal certified meals in areas with high Muslim populations in Western Sydney and Melbourne.

Allergies

Australian restaurants generally provide options for people with common allergies such as nuts and seafood. Ask the waitstaff if in doubt.

The gluten free diet fad has spread to Australia, and there is no shortage of gluten free products in supermarkets, bakeries and restaurants, albeit often at higher price than the regular versions of those products.

Trgi

All of the capital cities and many regional towns in Australia host a "farmer's market", which is generally held each week in a designated area on a Saturday or Sunday. These markets mostly sell fresh fruits and vegetables, as hygiene standards in Australia forbid the selling of meat directly from market stalls. Butchers who set up shop at a farmer's market would usually trade their wares from a display cabinet within their boot (trunk). The attraction of markets is the lower prices and freshness of the produce. The attraction for the traveller will be the cheap and excellent fruits on offer - depending on the region and season. In regional areas the market is usually held outside the town itself in an empty paddock or sports field, markets in capital cities are easier to reach but the prices are typically more in line with those you would find in supermarkets. See the destination guides for details.

Pijte

Pivo

Pitje pivo is ingrained in Australian culture. Although Fosters is promoted as an Australian beer overseas, it is rarely consumed by Australians in Australia, and is almost impossible to find. Beers are strongly regional and every state has its own brews: Coopers and West End in South Australia, Carlton and VB in Victoria, Tooheys in NSW, XXXX (pronounced "fourex") in Queensland, Boags and Cascade in Tasmania, and Swan in Western Australia. There are also local microbrew choices, which can be harder to find, but are often worth seeking out. A range of imported European and American bottled beers are available in all but the most basic pub.

The XXXX Brewery in Brisbane

Light (Lite) beer refers to lower alcoholic content, and not lower calories. It has around half the alcohol of full strength beer, and is taxed at a lower rate, meaning it is also cheaper than full strength beer. Low calorie beer is sold as low carb.

Because Australians like their beer to stay cold while they drink it, draft beer glasses come in a multitude of sizes, so that you can drink a whole glass before it warms up in the summer heat. The naming of beer glasses varies widely from state to state, often in confusing ways: a škuna is 425mL everywhere except South Australia, where it's only 285mL, a size that's known elsewhere as a middy ali lonec, except in Darwin where it's a handle, but in Adelaide a "pot" means a 570mL full pint, and a pinta means what a škuna does elsewhere, and... you get the idea. The local beers and the local descriptions are covered in detail in the state guides.

Bottle naming is a little easier: the standard sizes across Australia are the 375 ml stubby and the 750mL long neck, or tallie. Cans of beer are known as tinnies and 24 of them make up a plošča, škatla, cartonali a case.

Vino

Australia produces quality wine on a truly industrial scale, with large multinational brands supplying Australian bottleshops and exporting around the world. There are also a multitude of boutique wineries and smaller suppliers. Very good red and white wine can be bought very cheaply in Australia, often at less than $10 a bottle, and even the smallest shop could be expected to have 50 or more varieties to choose from.

The areas of the Dolina Barossa (near Adelaide), Dolina lovcev (near Sydney), Dolina Yarra (near Melbourne) and Reka Margaret (near Perth) are particularly renowned for their wineries and opportunities for cellar door sampling, but northern Victoria and Mudgee also have a large variety. You are never too far from a wine trail anywhere in southern Australia.

Try the local wines wherever you can find them, and ask for local recommendations. Try not to get taken in by the label, or the price tag. The best wine is rarely the one with the best artwork, or the most expensive price. However, it is probably wise to avoid the house wine if it comes straight from a cask (4-litre container). Wines at the cellar door are almost invariably sold at around 20% premium to the same wine in the shops in the local town.

If you still prefer overseas wines, the Marlborough region of New Zealand is usually well represented on wine lists and in bottle shops in Australia.

Poglej tudi Paša grozdja v Avstraliji.

Spirits

Bundaberg Rum (Bundy) is an Australian dark rum particularly popular in Queensland and many Queenslanders will not touch any other brand of rum. It is probably the most famous Australian made spirit, mass-produced in Bundaberg and available everywhere.

For many years one had to search to find other Australian distilled spirits, mostly from niche players, but there are distilleries in every state of Australia if you look hard enough and more are popping up all the time–Adelaide gin distilleries 75° and the Adelaide Gin Company have grown in esteem over the past few years. The tiny Sullivan's Cove distillery in Tasmania made waves in 2014 when one of their whiskies was named the World's Best Single Malt, kicking off a mini-boom in Australian whisky, and they repeated the feat in 2018 and 2019. If $8,000 for a bottle of their 2014 French Oak is a bit steep, drop into the Lark Distillery on the scenic Hobart waterfront precinct, book a gin blending experience at Archie Rose in Sydney, pick up a bottle of 151 East Vodka in Wollongong or after a few days in Kununurra you are definitely going to need an Ord River Rum.

Mixed drinks are also available, particularly vodka, scotch, bourbon and other whiskey mixers. Spirits are also available as pre-mixed bottles and cans but are subject to higher taxation in this form, so it is cheaper to mix them yourself. Spirits are served in all pubs and bars, but not in all restaurants. A basic spirit and mixer (vodka and orange juice for example) will cost you about $7 at a bar or nightclub, but can vary ~$5–12.

Pravni vidiki

The legal drinking age throughout Australia is 18 let. It is illegal either to purchase alcohol for yourself if you are under 18 years of age or to purchase alcohol on behalf of someone who is under 18 years of age. The only legally acceptable proof-of-age is an Australian drivers licence, state-issued proof-of-age card or a passport, and it would be wise to carry one if you want to purchase alcohol or tobacco and look under 25. It is illegal to go into a gambling area of a pub or club when under 18.

Often there is a lounge, restaurant or bistro area in a pub or club that permits under-age people provided they are accompanied by a responsible adult over 18 and don't approach the bar or wander around. Some city pubs even have video games and playgrounds for children. Some country pubs have large open areas out in the back where kids can run and play.

In general, you can take alcohol (say a bottle of wine or beer) to consume at a park or beach. Alcohol consumption is banned in some public places as 'street drinking'. These are often indicated by signs and is particularly the case in parks and footpaths where public drunkenness has been a problem. However, if you are a family with your picnic basket and blanket out at lunchtime with a bottle of wine, you are unlikely to encounter any problems.

Alcohol can be purchased for consumption on premises only in licensed venues: pubs, clubs and many restaurants. You can purchase alcohol for private consumption in bottle shops, which are separate stores selling bottled alcohol. In some states you can buy alcohol in supermarketi. In those states where you can't, bottle shops and major supermarkets are often found in very close proximity. Although licensing laws and hours vary from state to state, and individual stores have different trading hours, as a rule of thumb, alcohol is generally available in towns to take-away seven days a week, 08:00-23:00, from bottle shops, supermarkets, licensed grocers/milk-bars and pubs. Outside of these hours though, it is almost impossible to buy alcohol to take home; unless you're in the middle of Sydney or Melbourne, so if you're planning on a party at home; it's a good idea to stock up and check on the local trading hours so you don't run out at 00:30 with no opportunity to buy more. Alcohol is not available at petrol stations or 24-hour convenience stores anywhere in Australia.

Public drunkenness varies in acceptability. You will certainly find a great deal of it in close proximity to pubs and clubs at night time but much less so during the day. Public drunkenness is an offence but you would only likely ever be picked up by the police if you were causing a nuisance. You may spend the night sobering up in a holding cell or be charged.

Driving while affected by alcohol is stigmatized, policed by random breath-testing police patrols in Australia, and inherently dangerous. Drink driving is a very serious offence in Australia, punishable by a range of mechanisms including loss of licence. The acceptable maximum blood alcohol concentration is 0.05% in most states and 0.01% in New South Wales, often lower or not allowed for operators of heavy vehicles and young or novice drivers. Police officers are also empowered to randomly test drivers for the recent use of prohibited drugs. Refusing any of these tests is a criminal offence. The operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of prohibited drugs or alcohol will always result in arrest and a required court appearance many weeks from the date of arrest and it can comprehensively disrupt travel plans. Random breath-testing is common early Saturday and Sunday mornings, and many people are caught the morning after.

A shout

The Birdsville Hotel in far western Queensland

Buying a round of drinks is a custom in Australia, as in many corners of the world. It is generally expected in a pub that when you arrive and make your first trip to the bar that you will offer to buy a drink for others you are drinking with. Similarly this will likely be done to you when someone else joins the group. This is called a shout, and incurs an obligation that you will generally return the favour in a following round, and that also you will generally maintain the same drinking pace as your associates in the round throughout the evening. If someone in the same round as you has an empty glass, who is ahead of you in drinks bought, you should declare that it is your shout, and make your way to the bar. If someone offers to buy you a drink, but does not offer to buy for the person who already has bought you a drink, you should say you are already in a shout, and decline. If they buy you and the people in your round a drink, they have joined the shout. Its generally not polite to switch between shouts during an evening. It you are in a large shout, and you decline a drink, you still have to buy a drink for the round when it comes to your turn. You are well advised if you wish to skip a round, to do so on your shout. It is generally poorly received to buy a round, and then to refuse a drink when one is purchased for you. Often the drink will just be bought for you without even asking. Don't be surprised if someone who bought you a drink earlier in the night, later says that it is your shout. Not joining a shout can be awkward in some groups. The best way is to say you are driving, and you will buy your own drinks. This is also an acceptable way to drop out after one round, when the score is even.

Brezalkoholno

Milo is a malt and chocolate drink now made by Nestlé that was invented in Australia, and has since become immensely popular in parts of Jugovzhodna Azija. It can be found in any Australian supermarket.

Australia has a strong coffee culture, especially Melbourne, a city with extensive Italian immigration. The joke is that Italians visiting Melbourne think the coffee is worse than their home city's, but better than every other city in Italy. Even service stations and fast food places will sell decent coffee. However, because of the strong preference for local coffee shops, many of the major chains in other countries don't exist -- Starbucks has a tiny handful of stores in Melbourne and Sydney, and none elsewhere in the country. Don't be taken aback by the lack of chains; try the local flavour instead!

Learn

Glavni članek: Studying abroad#Australia

Australia is a popular destination for University students, especially from Vzhodna Azija, Jugovzhodna Azija in Indija. Australia offers world class universities in an English speaking environment, along with potential opportunities to actually gain resident and work visas on a path to citizenship. If you are intending to study in Australia, you will need to be on a visa class that allows this. Students and academics invited to visit Australian universities will generally also need an appropriate visa, even if their visit is of a short enough period to be covered by a tourist electronic visa. For very short term or part-time courses, check with your Australian consulate or embassy.

Australia also happens to be a great place to get Barista certification, with graduates being maybe able to command higher wages in coffee shops back in their home countries. Such courses can usually be conducted on a standard tourist visa.

Spi

Camping by the Yarrangobilly River, NSW

Accommodation is readily available in most Australian cities and tourist destinations. As with everything else in Australia it tends to be on the expensive side by international standards.

Hoteli

All state capitals have a number of 4 or 5 star standard hotels, often with upmarket restaurants, bars, room-service, and other premium hospitality services. Other 2 or 3 star hotels are scattered around the inner-cities and inner suburbs. Best to check local guides and reviews to know what you are in for. Most hotels offer internet connectivity, occasionally for an inflated fee. Most hotels (distinct from the country pubs known as hotels) have private bathroom facilities. It isn't unknown for all options to run out during major events in cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.

Gostilne

Bendigo's Shamrock Hotel

Most pubs in Australia offer some form of accommodation. It can vary from very basic shabby rooms, to newly renovated boutique accommodation. The price is usually a good reflection of what you are in for. It is still quite unusual to have a private bathroom, even in the nicer pubs. The rooms are often on the second floor directly above the bar area and can be noisy, particularly on Fri/Sat nights.

Outside of the major centres, the pub is called a Hotel. A motel won't have a public bar. A motel that does have a bar attached is called a Hotel/Motel.

In very small towns local pubs offer the only accommodation available to travellers. Accommodation in these pubs tends to be budget-style with shared bathrooms but private rooms.

Pub accommodation is even available in the centre of Sydney, making getting back to your room after a beer a simple endeavour.

If you travel as a single, and want a private room, pubs usually have single rooms at a discount over a double room. Most motels will charge the same price for one or two people sharing a room.

Motels

Typically, motel-style accommodation will have a private room with a bed or number of beds, and a private shower and toilet. Many motels have family rooms, that will usually have a double bed and two single beds in the one room.

Motel rooms in the cities will generally cost upwards from $80. Usually the cost is the same for one or two adults, with any extra people charged an additional fee. Prices for additional children can range from free to $20 per child. During quiet times its not unusual for motels to offer standby discounts.

Most motels will serve a cooked or continental breakfast to your room in the morning, for an additional charge. Some may have a restaurant or serve an evening meal. Some may have a toaster in the room and kettles are widely provided.

Hostels and backpackers

Budget hostel-style accommodation with shared bathrooms and often with dormitories is approximately $20–30 per person per night. Facilities usually include a fully equipped kitchen with adequate refrigeration and food storage areas. Most hostels also have living room areas equipped with couches, dining tables, and televisions.

There are several backpacker hostel chains in Australia. If you are staying many nights in the same brand of hostel, consider their discount cards, which usually offer a loyalty bonus on accommodation, and other attraction and tour discounts negotiated by the chain.

Holiday parks

Holiday parks are an Australian holiday institution and a great way to stay if you have your own wheels. These are basically an upgraded version of caravan parks, but as the new marketing indicates, they now cater to regular travellers as well. A typical holiday park offers the following types of accommodation:

• Cabins fully equipped with bedding, kitchens, TV, wifi and more, for travellers without their own home on wheels. Most can house 4 or more people with rates starting from around $100/night.
• Powered sites for parking your caravan/campervan/motorhome/RV. Some parks offer ensuite sites featuring a little bathroom with shower & toilet.
• Unpowered sites are for those intending to pitch their own tent, starting from around $20/night.

Regardless of where you stay, the price includes access to communal facilities including BBQs, showers, kitchens, self-service laundries, pools, tennis courts and jumping pillows. The largest park chains covering the country are Top Parks/Discovery Parks in Velika 4, but there are also plenty of independent options.

There are a couple of caveats to holiday parks:

• They're typically located on the outskirts of towns, so they're not very practical unless you have your vehicle.
• Most cater to families, which is great if you have kids, but not so much if you're looking for peace and quiet.
• During school holidays, parks tend to jack up their rates and require multiple-night minimum stays, and the best ones sell out anyway.
• If you change your mind, too bad, since reservations are typically nonrefundable.

Kampiranje

Camping is a popular pastime. In addition to camping at holiday parks, national parks often provide cheap or free camping sites, which expect you to be more self-sufficient. Often toilets are provided and sometimes cold showers. Paid camping permits are sometimes required at popular parks, with some popular spots filling up during the holidays in summer. In Australia it is common to be within an hour's drive of a national park or recreation area that will permit some form of camping, even in the capital cities. Expect to pay around $5–10 per night per person for a camping permit, and national park admission fees in the more popular national parks (e.g.: Wilsons Promontory National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, etc.), however entry and camping is free in the majority of national parks further from population and tourist centres.

Some other camping areas are run by government or even local landowners. Expect around $10 per person per night, depending on the time of year.

You can try your luck sleeping on a beach or pitching a tent overnight in a highway rest area, or out in the bush for a free bed. Most rest areas and beaches prohibit camping and many even prohibit overnight parking to discourage this. Generally the closer you are to civilisation or a tourist area, the greater the chance of being hassled by the authorities.

Camping in state forests is often preferable to national parks if you're after a camping experience over sightseeing, as collecting of your own fire wood is allowed (sometimes felling of trees is permissible dependent on the area) and camping is not restricted to camp sites. Some other activities that are generally allowed in state forests that are not allowed in national parks are: bringing in dogs/pets, open fires, motorbikes and four-wheel driving. State forests are generally free to stay in, although you will need to check locally if public access is allowed.

Farm stay

Much as the name suggests, this usually involves a cabin or homestead accommodation on a working property. Suited for a stay of two or more days, this accommodation usually allows you to get a little involved in the running of the farm if you wish. It is common for dinner to be provided in the homestead, and a breakfast pack to be provided to your cabin.

Holiday home

Holiday homes are homes rented by their owners, often using local real estate agents or specialised web sites. Sometimes located in prime positions, but also sometimes in the residential sections of cities and towns. Minimum rental periods of at least 2 days usually apply, rising to a week during periods when they are busy. At a minimum will have bedrooms, a lounge, bathroom.

Nočitve z zajtrkom

The Henty Central Hotel in the New South Wales town of Henty provides bed and breakfast accommodation. Many country towns have similar hotels.

Bed and Breakfasts tend to be a premium form of accommodation in Australia, often focused on weekend accommodation for couples. They certainly don't offer the discount form of accommodation they do in part of the Združeno kraljestvo, and the local motel will usually be cheaper.

Sometimes extra rooms in a person's home, but often a purpose built building. You should expect a cosy, well kept room, a common area, and a cooked breakfast. Possibly private facilities. Substantial discounts often apply for mid-week stays at bed and breakfasts.

Resorts

There are many true resorts around Australia. Many have lagoon pools, tennis, golf, kids clubs, and other arranged activities. The island of the Whitsundays have a choice of resorts, some occupying entire islands. Port Douglas also has many resorts of a world standard.

Serviced apartments

Serviced apartments are a very popular form of accommodation in Australia, with all capital and most regional cities having multiple such hotels. These often include hotels located in prime positions in the centre of town.

Guests are typically able to stay for as little as one night, and discounts are often available for bookings of a week and over. Rooms tend to be larger than in standard hotels, and amenities typically include a kitchen, washer and dryer, and separate bedrooms. Apartment hotels generally don't offer breakfast or have a restaurant, but there are usually cafes located nearby (often next door) which cater to guests.

Houseboats

Houseboats are available to rent on some scenic rural rivers, and provide an excellent opportunity to spend time in the wilderness. These usually have kitchens in them so you can bring your own food to cook.

Station wagons and vans

In most parts of Australia it is illegal to sleep in your vehicle but it is possible to get around this by simply rigging up curtains all around the windows so no one can see in from the outside. Trade vans can be picked up for as little as $1,000, with a more trustworthy van setting you back no more than $3,000-4,000. Add a mattress, pillow, portable gas cooker, cookware and a 20 L water container and you are off. If you get caught the fine could be as much as $150 each, so do it at you own risk. But if you are strategic in where you stay you probably won't get caught. Just be sensible and don't disturb the locals. Also, be aware of parking restrictions in certain parts of the cities and town, although overnight parking restrictions are rare. The parking inspectors can be ruthless and a $100 fine is not uncommon.

All cities and towns in Australia have free public toilets. Many parks, and most beaches have free electric barbecues as well. Popular beaches have fresh water showers to wash the salt water off after you swim, so for those on a tight budget (or for those that just love waking up at the beach) simply wash in the ocean (please do not pollute the ocean or waterways by using detergents or soaps) and rinse off at the showers. Almost all taps in Australia are drinking water, the ones that aren't will be marked. Service stations (petrol/gas) almost always have taps, so these are a good place to refill the water containers each time you refuel.

Some of the best experiences you may have in Australia will be by taking that road on the map that looks like it heads to a beach, creek, waterfall or mountain and following it. You may just find paradise and not another soul in sight. And lucky you, you've got a bed, food and water right there with you.

Travelling in a small group lowers the fuel bill per head, as this will likely be your biggest expense.

Enjoy, and respect the land by taking your rubbish/bottles/cigarette butts with you and disposing of them properly.

Delo

Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent residents of Australia can work in Australia without any further permits, but others will require a work visa. It is illegal for foreigners to undertake paid work in Australia on a tourist visa. Be aware that any form of compensation for services performed, monetary or otherwise (e.g. room and board), counts as payment in Australia, meaning that such work would be illegal on a tourist visa. Volunteer work is allowed provided it is incidental to the trip (i.e. not the main purpose for the trip). Foreigners in Australia on a student visa are allowed to work for up to 20 hours a week during term time, and full-time during the school holidays. Working illegally in Australia runs a very real risk of arrest, imprisonment, deportation and being permanently banned from re-entering Australia. All visitors who do not hold Australian permanent residency or citizenship (including New Zealand citizens who aren't also Australian permanent residents or citizens) are not allowed to access Australian social security arrangements for the unemployed, and will have limited, or more usually, no access to the Australian government's health care payment arrangements.

Payment and taxes

Most Australian employers pay via direct deposit to Australian bank accounts and therefore you should open a bank account as soon as possible. Some banks allow you to open account from abroad, for example Commonwealth Bank and HSBC.

You should also apply for a Tax File Number (TFN) as soon as possible. You can apply on-line for free at the Australian Tax Office website, though you can generally get it quicker if you just go to one of their offices. You can start working without one, but you are advised to get one as soon as possible as your employer would have to withhold tax from your salary at the highest rate should you not provide one. Register your TFN with your bank as soon as possible, otherwise any interest you accrue will be taxed at the highest rate. The Australian financial year runs from 1st July to 30th June, and tax returns for each financial year are due on 30th October, four months after the accounting period ends. Check with Australian tax agents about Australian tax liability and filing an Australian tax return.

Australian employers will make compulsory payments out of your earnings to an Australian superannuation (retirement savings) fund on your behalf. Visitors on temporary working visas who are not citizens of Australia or New Zealand should claim this money when they leave Australia. This payment is known as a Departing Australia Superannuation Payment (DASP) and you can apply online. New Zealand citizens can transfer their superannuation money to their New Zealand KiwiSaver account; contact your provider to arrange this.

Working holidaymaker scheme

Vineyards in South Australia

Australia has a working holidaymaker program for citizens of certain countries between 18 and 30 years of age. It allows you to stay in Australia for 12 months from the time you first enter. You may work during that time, but only for 6 months at any one employer. The idea is for you to take a holiday subsidised by casual or short-term jobs. If you're interested in a working holiday, some useful skills and experience might be: office skills to be used for temp work; or hospitality skills to be used for bar or restaurant work. An alternative is seasonal work like fruit picking, although much seasonal work will require that you work outside the major cities. Working for 3 months in seasonal work will allow you to apply for a second 12-month visa.

You can apply online for a working holiday visa, but you must ne be in Australia at the time. It takes just a few hours to process usually and it costs about $440 (as of March 2017). On arriving in Australia ask for the working holiday visa to be "evidenced", so you can show your future employer.

It's recommended to arrive in Australia with sufficient funds which is a minimum of $5000 if you are on a working holiday visa. The cost of living in Australia is quite high and it may take a few days or weeks to get a job.

Work visas

Work visas in Australia change frequently and sometimes without any notice, so always check with your local Australian High Commission, Consulate or Embassy and the Immigration Department's website.

The most straightforward way to get a work visa (subclass 457, 186 & 187) is to find an Australian employer who will sponsor you. Your employer will need to demonstrate that they cannot hire anyone with your skills in Australia. Locally advertised jobs are usually explicit in requiring a valid work visa before your application can be considered. Getting the visa might take a couple of months from the beginning of the application process and you will need a medical examination by a doctor approved by the immigration officials before it can be granted (among other things, you will need a chest x-ray to show that you do not have tuberculosis). An employer with a good background and efficient immigration lawyers could get your 457 approved within a week. Your work visa will only be valid for the employer who sponsored you and you will have to leave within 30 days of your employment ending.

Regional Sponsored Migration Scheme (RSMS) visa (subclass 187) is the easiest employer nominated visa to acquire, although you will have to live and work in a designated 'regional' area. These areas are mostly rural and far removed from the larger cities, although Adelaida does count in this scheme.

Skilled independent visas (subclass 189, 190, 489) may be pursued if you have a valuable specialised skill and don't want to be tied to a specific employer.

There is also a temporary graduate visa (subclass 485) which allows graduates of Australian universities to stay on and work in Australia, and is usually valid anywhere from 18 months to 4 years depending on your level of education, and your major. Your major must be from a list of skilled occupations for which there is a labour shortage in Australia. This list is updated every year, and whether or not you qualify for this visa is dependent on the list at the time of your graduation, ne at the time you begin your studies.

Priseljevanje

You can apply to immigrate as a skilled person or business person, but this process will take longer than receiving a work visa. You can also apply for permanent residency as the holder of a work or study visa, but your application will not be automatically accepted. If you have a lot of money, there are several investor's visas available which allow you to live in Australia with a view of obtaining permanent residency. After four years of legal residency which must include one year as a permanent resident, you are eligible to apply for Australian citizenship.

Prostovoljstvo

There are several volunteer opportunities in Australia. Many worldwide organisations offer extended travel for those wanting to volunteer their time to work with locals on projects such as habitat restoration, wildlife sanctuary maintenance & development, scientific research, & education programs such as Australian Volunteers, Svetovni sklad za prostoživeče živali, Gap 360, Go Discover Abroadin Xtreme Gap Year.

Spoštovanje

Unless you are actively trying to insult someone, a traveller is unlikely to insult or cause offence to an Australian through any kind of cultural ignorance.

Australian modes of address tend towards the familiar. It is acceptable and normal to use first names in all situations, even to people many years your senior. Many Australians are fond of using and giving nicknames - even to recent acquaintances. It is likely being called such a name is an indication that you are considered a friend and as such it would be rare they are being condescending.

It is generally acceptable to wear revealing clothing in Australia. Bikinis and swimming attire are okay on the beach, and usually at the kiosk across the road from the beach. It is normal to wear at least a shirt and footwear before venturing any further. Most beaches are effectively top optional (topless) while sunbathing. Just about all women wear a top while walking around or in the water. There are some clothing optional (nude) beaches, usually a little further removed from residential areas. Thong bikinis (more commonly called g-string bikinis in Australia as thongs refer to flip-flop footwear) are fine on all beaches and some outdoor pools for women and men, although they are not as common as conventional beachwear. Some outdoor pools have a "top required" policy for women.

Cover up a little more when visiting places of worship such as churches. In warm conditions casual "t-shirt and shorts" style clothing predominates except in formal situations. Business attire, however, is considered to be long sleeved shirt, tie, and long trousers for men, even in the hottest weather.

Uporaba Australian stereotypical expressions may be viewed as an attempt to mock, rather than to communicate. If you pull it off well, you might raise a smile.

Australians are often self-deprecating; however, it is rude to ever agree with a self-deprecating remark. Boasting about achievements is rarely received well.

Social classes do not feature as prominently in Australia as they do in many other countries, and you will notice that tradespeople and manual labourers are very well paid and accorded a lot more respect in Australia than elsewhere. Be careful not to imply that you are looking down on people whose jobs may be considered menial by the standards of other countries. Service workers, including hotel staff, waiters, cleaners, taxi drivers and shop employees, expect that customers will treat them as equals.

Most Australians are happy to help out a lost traveller with directions, however many urban dwellers will assume that someone asking "excuse me", is asking for money, and may brush past. Looking lost, holding a map, looking like a backpacker or getting to the point quickly helps.

Indigenous Australians

Uluru

Aboriginal Australians likely arrived in the Australian landmass 60,000 years ago and number over half a million people today. They have faced significant discrimination over the years since European settlement took their traditional lands, and sensitivity should be given at all times. Aboriginal people actually come from many different 'nations' with distinctive cultures and identities that spoke up to 250 different languages before European settlement.

Many areas of Aboriginal land are free to enter. Some areas carry a request from the Aboriginal people not to enter, and you may choose yourself whether or not to honour or respect that request. Uluru holds great spiritual significance to the Anangu people, who live in the area; while climbing it used to be a popular tourist activity, it has been banned since 2019. The Anangu feel themselves responsible if someone is killed or injured on their land (as has happened many times during the climb), so please keep off.

Some Aboriginal land requires permission or a permit, and some areas are protected and illegal to enter. You should check before making plans to travel off the beaten track. Permits are usually just a formality for areas which regularly see visitors, or if you have some other business in the area you are travelling through. Often they are just an agreement to respect the land you are travelling on as Aboriginal land. Some Aboriginal Land Councils make them available online.

If you need to refer to race, the politically correct term is Indigenous Australians. Aboriginal people is usually okay and referring to sacred sites and land as Aboriginal sites, or Aboriginal land is okay too, though these terms only refer to people indigenous to mainland Australia or Tasmania. Avoid using Aborigine ali Aboridžin as a noun to describe a person, as some people see negative connotations in these words. The contraction "Abo" is deeply offensive and should never be used. Beseda Native is also offensive. People indigenous to the Otoki Torres ožine do not identify as "Aboriginal"; just stick to the term Torres Strait Islander namesto tega.

Other areas to consider when interacting with Indigenous Australians are:

• Australia Day is considered a day of invasion by many Aboriginal people
• Najbolje je, da avstralskemu Avstralcu ne omenjamo imena pokojne osebe. Čeprav se aboridžinske navade razlikujejo, se je najbolje izogniti možnosti prekrška.
• Vedno je treba zaprositi za dovoljenje za fotografiranje aboridžinske osebe, zlasti na bolj oddaljenih območjih, kot je dežela Arnhem, severno ozemlje.
• Izogibajte se nespoštovanju svetih aboridžinskih krajev, kot je plezanje na Uluru ali Tri sestre itd.

Religija

Sodobna avstralska družba je precej sekularna in le manjšina Avstralcev redno hodi v cerkev. Večina Avstralcev je strpnih do ljudi vseh veroizpovedi in ljudje, ki nosijo verske obleke, kot so hidžabi, kipe ali križa, se na splošno ne bodo soočali z nadlegovanjem, čeprav islamofobija obstaja. Poskus prozelitizma ali nevšečnosti drugih s svojo vero pa bo pogosteje povzročil negativen odziv.

Ostani varen

Nujne primere

Število 000 (imenovano "triple zero" ali "triple oh") lahko brezplačno pokličete s katerega koli telefona v Avstraliji. Ta številka vas bo povezala s policijo, gasilci, obalno stražo ali reševalcem, potem ko boste nujnemu operaterju povedali, katero storitev potrebujete.

Če želite stopiti v stik s temi službami, vendar situacija ni nujna, ne pokličite 000: lahko pokličete policijsko linijo za pomoč 131 444. To vključuje zahtevo za poziv k pritožbam glede hrupa. Informacije o strupih, ki lahko svetujejo tudi pri pikih kač, pajkov in žuželk, so na voljo na 131 126. Informacije o iskanju najbližjih zdravstvenih služb lahko dobite s klicem 1800 022 222 (razen Tasmanije).

Če potrebujete pomoč med poplavo, nevihto, ciklonom, cunamijem, potresom ali drugo naravno nesrečo, se lahko obrnete na državno službo za nujne primere v vsaki državi (razen na severnem ozemlju) na 132 500. Povezani boste z lokalno enoto in od tam lahko organizirate pomoč. Če je izredna nevarnost življenjsko nevarna, namesto tega pokličite 000.

Iz vseh mobilnih telefonov lahko pokličete 000. Mobilni telefoni, ki se prodajajo v Avstraliji, jo prepoznajo kot številko za klic v sili in za klic uporabijo katero koli razpoložljivo omrežje. Če pa imate telefon, pridobljen zunaj Avstralije, z univerzalno številko za klic v sili 112 je boljša ideja. Uporaba 112 bo uporabila katero koli razpoložljivo omrežje, delovala bo tudi, če vaš telefon ne gostuje in bo delovala tudi, če telefon nima kartice SIM. Tudi 112 avstralskih telefonov deluje.

Osebe z okvaro sluha ali govora z opremo TTY lahko pokličejo 106. Tisti z internetno povezavo lahko uporabljajo Internet Relay Service, prek spletnega mesta.

Klici s stacionarnih (stacionarnih) telefonov bodo morda izsledeni, da bodo službe za pomoč v sili prišle do vas. Službe za nujne primere imajo omejeno možnost sledenja izvora klicev v sili z mobilnih telefonov, zlasti zunaj mestnih območij, zato poskrbite, da boste mirno in jasno navedli podrobnosti o svoji lokaciji. Zaradi zaporedja številk za klice v sili je približno 60% klicev na številke za klic v sili opravljenih pomotoma.

Verjetno se nihče ne bo odzval na vaš klic, razen če operaterju učinkovito sporočite, da potrebujete pomoč. Če potrebujete pomoč, vendar ne morete govoriti, vas bodo preusmerili na IVR in morali pritisniti 55 da potrdite, da potrebujete pomoč in niste slučajno poklicali. Vaš klic bo nato povezan s policijo.

Številke za klic v sili iz drugih držav, razen številke 112 (npr. '911', '17' ali '100') ne delajo v Avstraliji.

Vožnja

Ohranite občutek perspektive. Turisti imajo veliko večjo verjetnost, da bodo na avstralskih cestah ubiti ali ranjeni kot pešci, vozniki ali potniki kot vsi drugi vzroki smrti in poškodb skupaj.

Vožnja pod vplivom alkohola ali mamil je prepovedana. Večina držav uporablja predpisani standard alkohola v krvi, da ugotovi, ali je vožnja kazniva. Predpisana (dovoljena) vsebnost je od nič do 0,05. Izvede se naključno testiranje krvi in ​​alkohola.

Avstralija je ogromna država in vožnja med mesti lahko traja dlje, kot pričakujete, še posebej, če ste vajeni avtoceste ali avtoceste v Evropi ali Severni Ameriki. Medtem ko so glavne avtoceste primerljive s čezmorskimi, je treba z sekundarnimi avtocestami na podeželju ravnati previdno. Omejitve hitrosti se razlikujejo glede na lokacijo, cesto in državo. Izogibajte se stresom utrujenosti, če v enem dnevu ne načrtujete vožnje predaleč. Oblasti toplo priporočajo odmor (z nekaj sprehoda zunaj avtomobila) vsaki dve uri.

Med vožnjo med mesti obstaja nevarnost, da boste zaradi ovinkov trčili ali strmoglavili, da bi se izognili divjim živalim. Kenguruji imajo navado, da jih avtomobili prestrašijo in nato zmedeno skačejo pred njimi. Bodite posebno previdni med vožnjo po območjih z rastlinjem blizu ceste in v času zore in mraka, ko so divjad najbolj aktivne. Divje živali običajno niso problem v večjih urbanih območjih (z izjemo Canberre, kjer vrsta parkov ponuja dovolj življenjskega prostora za kenguruje, ki pogosto prečkajo glavne ceste).

Urbani Avstralci se sprehajajo, izogibajo se avtomobilom in predvidevajo zaporedje luči. Čeprav se bo večina voznikov ustavila zaradi rdeče luči, je pogosta uporaba rumene luči pogosta, zato je vedno dobro zagotoviti, da se promet ustavi, preden stopite z robnika. Ljudje iz držav, ki vozijo po desni, bodo potrebovali nekaj časa, da se navadijo, da bodo ob prehodu gledali pravilno.

Plaže

Reševalec na plaži Bondi v Sydneyu

Vsako leto se v Avstraliji utopi približno 10–20 čezmorskih popotnikov. Večina teh utopitev se zgodi na oceanskih plažah, kjer statistični podatki ogrožajo obiskovalce bistveno večje kot domačini. Preverite Spletno mesto o varnosti na plaži.

Obiskovalci plaže bi morali plavaj med rdečo in rumeno zastavo ki določajo patruljirana območja. Plaže niso obhodne 24 ur na dan ali celo ves dan. V večini primerov so lokalni prostovoljni reševalci na deski ali poklicni reševalci na voljo samo v določenih urah, na nekaterih plažah pa le ob vikendih in pogosto le poleti. Če zastavice niso postavljene, nihče ne patruljira. Številne plaže na podeželju sploh niso patruljirane. Če se odločite za plavanje, se zavedajte tveganj, preverite pogoje, bodite v globini in ne plavajte sami.

Številne plaže v Avstraliji nenadoma zapadejo, kar lahko neplavalce preseneti. Če dvomite, vprašajte domačine.

Trde deske za surfanje in druga vodna plovila, kot so deske za smučanje, kajaki itd., So ne dovoljeno med rdečo in rumeno zastavo. Ta plovila se smejo uporabljati samo zunaj modrih zastav „dovoljeno surfanje“.

Avstralske oceanske plaže imajo včasih močne razpoke, proti katerim ne morejo plavati niti najmočnejši plavalci. Rips so skoraj nevidni kanali vode, ki odtekajo od plaže. Mnogi domačini lahko opazijo razpoke, zato v primeru dvoma vprašajte. Ti kanali odvajajo vodo, ki jo prihajajoči valovi surfa pripeljejo na obalo. Obiskovalci plaže lahko pomotoma uporabljajo te kanale ali območja, saj so videti kot mirna voda in izgledajo kot lažje območje za plavanje. Težave nastanejo, ko plavalec skuša zaplavati nazaj na obalo proti odhajajočemu toku ali razpoki, se hitro utrudi in se na koncu utopi. Raztrganine lahko prepoznamo po enem ali več od teh znakov: valovit videz, ko je okoliška voda dokaj mirna; pena, ki se razteza čez območje preloma; rjava, peščeno obarvana voda; valovi, ki se razbijajo naprej na obeh straneh razpoke.

Če vas na patruljirani plaži zaskoči, prihranite energijo, plavajte ali tekajte po vodi in dvignite eno roko. Reševalci za surfanje se bodo pojavili pred vami. Ne čakajte, dokler ne boste tako utrujeni, da ne boste mogli več plavati. Verjetno boste ugotovili, da vam bodo na pomoč hitro priskočili tudi lokalni plavalci ali deskarji. Običajno so zastave nameščene tam, kjer ni razpok, vendar to ni vedno tako, saj se lahko razpoke premikajo.

Če vas na nepatrolirani plaži ujamejo razkosi, bodite mirni, da prihranite energijo in plavate vzporedno do plaže (ne proti vleku toka). Večina repov je široka le nekaj metrov in ko se očistite podzemlja, boste lahko zaplavali ali ujeli val, da se vrnete na obalo. Nikoli ne plavaj sam. Ne mislite, da vas bo prava tehnika rešila iz vsake situacije. Med surfanjem na zadnji strani plaže je lahko poteptanje vode težko, valovi pa vas udarjajo vsakih nekaj sekund. Če niste videli, da se to zgodi, je težko razumeti, kako hitro vas lahko raztrga 50 m na morje in v veliko večje valove. Če ste na nenadzorovani plaži za surfanje, bodite previdni in nikoli ne izstopite iz globine.

Plažni znaki imajo pogosto številko ali alfanumerično kodo. To kodo lahko po potrebi prejmejo službe za nujne primere, da vas lahko hitro najdejo.

Krokodili in Škatla meduze najdemo na tropskih plažah, odvisno od letnega časa in površine. Morski psi se pojavljajo na številnih avstralskih plažah. Glejte spodnji razdelek o nevarnih bitjih. Patrulirane plaže bodo v oceanu spremljale morebitne aktivnosti morskih psov. Če na plaži zaslišite neprekinjeno sireno in se iz stolpa vihti ali dvigne rdeča in rdeče-bela četrt zastava, to kaže na opazovanje morskih psov, zato se odpravite na obalo. Ko bo jasno, se bo oglasil kratek zvok sirene, kar običajno pomeni, da se je varno vrniti v vodo.

Naravne nesreče

Avstralijo kot veliko državo prizadene vrsta naravnih nesreč.

Cikloni

Tropski cikloni (orkani) se pojavljajo v tropskih predelih (severni del) Avstralije med novembrom in aprilom, zato morate razumeti, kako lahko tropski ciklon vpliva na vas v tropskem vlažnem obdobju. Vpliv ciklonov se razlikuje glede na njihovo intenzivnost in vašo bližino. Šibke ciklone vas lahko samo dan ali dva počitnic stanejo zaradi dežja in vetra, medtem ko ostanete v hotelu v zaprtih prostorih, uro vožnje od središča ciklona pa lahko še vedno lepo vreme. Hujši tropski cikloni so lahko za nepripravljene smrtonosni, lahko vas prisilijo v evakuacijo in lahko resno motijo ​​vaše potovalne načrte. Tudi cikloni z nizko intenzivnostjo ali tropske depresije na bolj oddaljenih območjih lahko zaprejo ceste za več dni do tednov.

V povprečju mesto v tropskem območju doživi tropski ciklon vsakih 30 let. Redkost prebivalstva na avstralskem severu in severozahodu (kjer so najbolj razširjeni cikloni) pomeni, da veliko ciklonov prehaja obalo in ima le majhen vpliv na mesta.

Kljub temu, če nameravate potovati v tropske kraje med sezono ciklonov, morate to razumeti in pregledati Stran z informacijami Urada za meteorologijo preden se odpravite na pot, med potovanjem bodite pozorni na stran in poiščite zgodnja opozorila o nastalih težavah.

Poplave

Na tropskem severu Mokra sezona v poletnih mesecih decembru, januarju in februarju, ki v te regije prinaša nalive in pogoste poplave. Nenavadno je, da so nekatera obalna območja odrezana za dan ali dva, medtem ko se voda umika. Še vedno je primeren čas za obisk nekaterih dobro obljudenih, turistično usmerjenih območij, in razen ob nenavadno močnih poplavah si lahko še vedno ogledate razbijajoče se slapove in druge znamenitosti, zaradi katerih je to zanimiv čas za obisk.

Poplave v zaledju in v notranjosti Avstralije so redke, pojavljajo se desetletja narazen, zato jih ne bi imeli sreče. Če pa nameravate obiskati notranjost ali obrobje in je območje poplavljeno, potem premislite. Zemljišče je ravno, zato lahko traja nekaj tednov, da se voda premakne, zemlja pa ostane močvirna. Žuželke in komarji ponorejo ob vsej sladki vodi, ki se zbira naokoli, te stvari pa za zajtrk jedo odganjalec insektov in so še vedno lačne. Ceste se zaprejo in pogosto časom vožnje dodajo veliko ur. Številne znamenitosti pogosto ležijo na kratkem odseku makadamske ceste ob glavnih avtocestah in ti odseki postanejo neprehodni, tudi če glavna cesta ostane odprta. Načrtujte vrnitev čez nekaj tednov, zemlja pa bo še vedno zelena, jezera in reke bodo še vedno tekle, ptičje življenje pa bo še vedno v bližini.

Najbolj vlažno obdobje na jugu države je običajno okoli zimskih mesecev junija, julija in avgusta. Redko je dovolj dežja naenkrat, da povzroči poplave. Prestolnice redko, če sploh kdaj, močno prizadenejo poplave.

Hudourniške poplave

Hitra poplava se v mnogih vzhodnih mestih pojavlja vsaj enkrat na leto, običajno poleti, in je moteča. Vendar ostanite v notranjosti in upoštevajte nasvete lokalnega radia SES in ABC. Nikoli ne poskušajte voziti v poplavnih vodah, vsako leto uniči na desetine avtomobilov z mislijo, da "ni tako globoko". Nočete biti oseba, ki plava pod mostom in čaka, da vas policija reši.

Hitre poplave pogosto prinesejo veliko točo, ki lahko poškoduje avtomobile. Poiščite tajno (ne podzemno) parkirišče.

Običajno je predvidljiv. Običajno boste slišali godrnjanje o nevihti, ki prihaja od domačinov, in bom.gov.au bo navedlo hudo vremensko opozorilo.

Oskrba z vodo

Avstralija je zelo suha država z velikimi območji puščava, in se lahko tudi zelo vroče.

Ko potujete v oddaljenih območjih, stran od zaprtih cest, kjer je možnost, da bi lahko nasedli do enega tedna, ne da bi videli drugo vozilo, zelo resnična, je nujno, da imate lastno oskrbo z vodo (4 litre ali 7 litrov na osebo na dan ). Naj vas ne zavedejo vnosi na zemljevidih, kot so „vodnjak“ ali „izvir“ ali „rezervoar“ (ali kateri koli vnos, ki kaže na obstoj vodnega telesa). Skoraj vsa so suha, večina celinskih jezer pa so suhe soline.

Številna mesta imajo omejitve glede vode, kar omejuje uporabo vode pri dejavnostih, kot so pranje avtomobilov, zalivanje vrtov ali javne prhe. V nastanitvenih objektih je običajno videti znake, ki od obiskovalcev zahtevajo, da omejijo dolžino svojih prh.

V mnogih javnih regijah javnih kopalnic je oskrba z vodo oskrba z vodo nepitna. Ne pijte iz pipe z oznako "Ne pij" ali "Nepitje", saj gre na splošno samo za neobdelano podtalnico.

Potresi

Čeprav Avstralija ni na nobeni meji plošče, se občasno zgodijo potresi. Običajno so manjše in zelo redko povzročijo večjo škodo ali smrtne žrtve.

Vžigalni požari

Vžigalni požari so sezonska nevarnost v mnogih delih Avstralije - in če se odpravljate v grmičevje ali podeželje, se vam splača najprej preveriti požarno nevarnost in stanje kakršne koli dejavnosti požarnega ognja. Čeprav je večina požarov hitro nadzorovana, so lahko v zelo nevarnih požarnih dneh požarni požari življenjsko nevarni - še posebej, če hodijo peš ali nimajo zaščite večje stavbe.

Če vas ujame požar, bo večina požarov hitro minila. Najti morate zavetje, ki vas bo zaščitilo pred dimom in sevalno toploto. Najboljša je hiša, nato avto, nato jasa ali jama ali na plaži. Namočite vse, kar lahko. Ostanite nizko in pokrijte usta. Pokrijte se z nevnetljivimi (volnenimi) oblačili ali odejami in zmanjšajte kožo, ki je neposredno izpostavljena vročini. Če imate dostop do pipe, zgodaj naberite vodo; ne zanašajte se na pritisk vode, ko se bliža ognjena fronta.

Ocena nevarnosti požara (na sliki desno) vam pove, kako nevaren bi bil požar, če bi se zanetil. Ni napoved, kako verjetno je, da se bo pojavil požar.

Znaki za požarno nevarnost so po vsej Avstraliji

• Hudo: vroče, suho in vetrovno. Požara, ki se začne v teh pogojih, morda ni mogoče obvladati. Samo dobro pripravljene stavbe, ki se aktivno branijo, lahko zagotovijo varnost. Pustite ob prvih znakih ognja.
• Ekstremno: vroče suho in vetrovno. Vsak požar, ki se začne in zadrži, bo neobvladljiv, nepredvidljiv in hitro premikajoč se. Samo domovi in ​​zgradbe, zgrajeni tako, da vzdržijo požar, so dobro pripravljeni in aktivno zaščiteni. Izogibajte se gozdnatim območjem, debelemu grmovju ali dolgi, suhi travi. Priporočljivo je, da takšna območja zapustite, da ne boste zajeti v gozdnem požaru.
• Katastrofalno / kodno rdeče: To so najslabši možni pogoji za požar grmovja ali trave. Izogibajte se gozdnatih površin, gostega grmovja ali dolge, suhe trave. Zelo priporočljivo je zapustiti gozdnata in grmičasta območja.

Omeniti velja, da bodo številni domačini zapustili svoje domovine, da bi poiskali zatočišče v velikih mestih za cel dan, v nekaj dneh na leto, ki so označeni kot "katastrofalni".

Nacionalni parki in državni gozdovi

Če je požarna nevarnost skrajna ali večja, bodo nacionalni parki morda zaprti, zlasti območja zaledja, zato boste morali imeti alternativni načrt, če nameravate poleti kampirati ali pohoditi v parkih. Če je v parku požar, bo običajno v celoti zaprt.

Če bivate v parku ali gozdu v času skrajne požarne ogroženosti, je najvarnejša možnost, da odidete zvečer pred ali zgodaj dneva. Če izvedete za ogenj ali vidite dim, hitro ukrepajte.

Potovanje med aktivnimi požari ali v požarni sezoni

Če se med sezono grmičevja vozite zunaj mest, se prilagodite lokalni radio ABC. Med gozdnim požarom ali katero koli drugo nujno situacijo se vsakih trideset minut oglasi opozorilna sirena, ki ji sledi posodobitev trenutnega stanja požarnega ognja na tem območju. Na telefon boste morda prejeli opozorila o evakuaciji.

V Avstraliji je država odgovorna za nujne primere in obvladovanje požarij - zato poiščite spletno mesto ali aplikacijo, ki ustreza državi, v kateri ste. Spletna mesta, kot WA v sili in VicEmergency navedite vse trenutne izredne razmere v svojih državah in so pogosto najsodobnejši način pridobivanja informacij o trenutnih izrednih razmerah.

Možno je, da se znajdete v situaciji, ko postane prepozno za odhod.

Med sezono grmovja imejte načrt, sestavljen iz dveh poti za izhod v sili, in možnost, da hitro spakirate, kar potrebujete.

Nakupovalni centri ali glavne ulice pozidanih mest so varne lokacije v dneh Extreme ali Code Red, razen če po radiu ne slišite drugače.

Cela podeželska mesta je včasih mogoče evakuirati, ko jim grozi požar. Pogosto v času evakuacije ne more biti nobenih znakov požara, vendar morate oditi zgodaj, saj je evakuacija skozi ognjeno fronto nevarna. Najboljši nasvet je le, da nadaljujete in ne ostanete v bližini, da bi gledali.

Prižiganje ognja

Prepričajte se, da so požari, ki jih zakurite, zakoniti in pod nadzorom. Gasilska služba deluje a popolna prepoved požara sistem v obdobjih izjemne požarne nevarnosti. Ko velja popolna prepoved požara, so prepovedani vsi požari na prostem. Večina parkov bo oglaševala prepoved, vi pa ste odgovorni za preverjanje lokalnih ravni požarne ogroženosti. Globe ali celo zaporni pogoji veljajo za kurjenje ognja, ki uidejo izpod nadzora, da ne omenjamo občutka, ki ga imate, ko ste odgovorni za lastnino, prosto živeče živali in škodo, ki jo lahko povzročite.

Strupena in nevarna bitja

Poglej tudi: Škodljivci

Čeprav je v Avstraliji veliko najsmrtonosnejših vrst žuželk, plazilcev in morskega življenja na planetu, popotnik v mestnem okolju verjetno ne bo naletel na nobenega od njih, celo v grmovju pa se ta bitja večinoma poskušajo izogniti ljudem . Velika večina smrti zaradi pikov in pikov v Avstraliji je posledica alergijskih reakcij na čebele in ose.

Nekatere informacije, ki se širijo o avstralskih nevarnih divjih živalih, so odpihnjene v nesorazmerju, pogosto v šali tudi Avstralci sami. Vendar bi morali v tropskih predelih resno jemati opozorila o meduzah in krokodilih in se držati oddaljenosti od kač v narodnih parkih in na grmičevju.

Če potujete po podeželju, bi bilo dobro imeti pri sebi osnovno opremo za prvo pomoč, vključno s kompresijskimi povoji, in se naučiti, kaj storiti po ugrizu kače ali pajka.

Kače

Kač ni običajno srečati na urbaniziranih območjih v Avstraliji, pogoste pa so na traviščih, narodnih parkih in drugih grmičih. Kače bodo na splošno poskušale postaviti čim večjo razdaljo med sabo in vami, zato, če opazite kačo med hojo, jo preprosto obiščite ali hodite v drugo smer. Slepa hoja v gosto grmičevje in travnate površine ni priporočljiva, saj se tam lahko skrivajo kače. Kače se večinoma bojijo ljudi in jih že dolgo ne bo več, preden jih boste sploh kdaj videli.

Nikoli poskusite pobrati katero koli kačo, tudi če menite, da gre za nestrupeno vrsto. Večina ljudi, ki so jih ugriznile kače, je poskušala kačo pobrati ali jo ubiti ali pa je med hojo nehote stopila nanjo.

Avstralija ima nekaj kač, ki so smrtonosne. Zato z vsemi kačami ravnajte spoštljivo in nujno poiščite zdravniško pomoč za morebiten ugriz kač. Vzemite komplet za prvo pomoč, primeren za ugrize kač, če greste s poti. Če vas ugrizne, morate rano imobilizirati tako, da prizadeto območje tesno zavijete s trakovi oblačil ali povojev in poiščite takojšnjo zdravniško pomoč. Ne čistite rane, saj lahko ostanke strupa preizkusite, da določite anti-strup za uporabo. Če ste na osamljenem območju, pošljite po pomoč koga drugega. Strup nekaterih kač (zlasti taipana) lahko začne učinkovati v petnajstih minutah, če pa se rana takoj imobilizira in počivate, je mogoče začetek širjenja strupa odložiti za eno do nekaj ur. Polivalentni anti-strup je na voljo v večini bolnišnic, ki vsebujejo anti-strup za vse nevarne avstralske kače.

Pajki

Sydneyjev lijak-pajek v opozorilni drži

Čeprav so znani po svojih pajkovcih, so smrtni primeri zaradi pajkov v Avstraliji izjemno redki. V Avstraliji je pogosto videti pajke in večina vam ne bo škodila. Med vrtnarjenjem ali ravnanjem z odpadki iz listov nosite rokavice. Preden jih oblečete, preverite ali stresite oblačila, čevlje itd., Ki so ostali zunaj. Ne dajte prstov pod skale ali v drevesne luknje, kjer bi lahko bili pajki. Nekatere pajke pogosto najdemo v stavbah in domovih, vključno z velikimi in poraščenimi pajki Huntsman, ki so na splošno neškodljivi in ​​zmanjšujejo škodljivce, kot so ščurki. Velike pajkove mreže, napete med drevesi, ki jih zasedajo pajki, ki tkajo vrt ali kroglo, so prej moteče kot nevarne.

Nekateri pajki pa so tudi zelo nevarni. Najbolj strupeni pajek na svetu je Sydneyjev lijak-spletni pajek, ki ga najdemo v Sydneyu in vzhodu Novega Južnega Walesa in okoli njega - ponavadi pod kamenjem in listnimi odpadki. Pajek je velik do 5 cm in je običajno črne barve. Če ste na območju, ki je znano po tem, da imate pajek Funnel-Web in vas ugrizne pajek, za katerega verjamete, da bi lahko bil Funnel-Web, je pomembno, da čim hitreje pridete v bolnišnico. Lijak-splet večino svojega časa preživi pod zemljo (običajno lahko živi le 30 minut zunaj vlažne luknje), zato je malo verjetno, da bi naleteli na enega, ki bi se sprehajal naokoli. Zadnja smrtna smrt je bila potrjena leta 1979.

The Rdeči hrbtni pajek (običajno ga zlahka prepoznamo z rdečo oznako na trebuhu) je pogosto in po ugrizu je treba poiskati zdravniško pomoč, čeprav ni tako nujno kot pri lijaku. Red Backs se običajno skrivajo v temnih krajih in vogalih. Zelo nenavadno jih je videti v zaprtih prostorih; lahko pa se skrijejo v lope, okoli zunanjih miz in stolov ter pod skalami ali drugimi predmeti, ki sedijo na tleh.

Zdravljenje prve pomoči pri ugrizih pajkov se v Avstraliji razlikuje od drugih območij sveta. Po ugrizu vedno poiščite zdravniško pomoč. Če je mogoče, poskusite prepoznati bitje, ki vas je ugriznilo. Fotografirajte ali ujemite, da boste lahko hitro uporabili ustrezen anti-strup. Toda ne tvegajte, da vas bodo spet ugriznili.

Meduze

Popotniki na severu Queensland, Severno ozemljeali severni Zahodna Avstralija se zavedati tveganja smrtnih pikov zaradi Škatla meduze če plavate v oceanu med oktobrom in majem. Zelo težko jih je zaznati in jih najdemo v zelo plitvi vodi. Piki teh meduz so "mučni" in pogosto usodni. Kis, ki se nanese takoj na lovke lovk, bo zmanjšal količino vbrizganega strupa, vendar bo potrebna takojšnja zdravniška pomoč. Sezona nevarnosti se razlikuje glede na lokacijo. Na splošno najdemo meduze blizu obale, saj se razmnožujejo v izlivih. Običajno jih na Velikem koralnem grebenu ne najdejo in mnogi ljudje plavajo na grebenu, ne da bi sprejeli kakršne koli previdnostne ukrepe. Poiščite zanesljive lokalne informacije. Nekateri domačini na plaži so lahko bolj tvegani.

Irukandji so še ena vrsta drobnih (velikosti nohtov) meduz, ki naseljujejo vode ob severni Avstraliji in okoliških indopacifiških otokih. Prav tako jih je zelo težko videti in so lahko nevarni, čeprav so piki redki. V nasprotju s škrlatnimi meduzami jih najdemo na grebenu. Začetni pik lahko ostane neopažen. Razpravlja se o tem, ali so lahko usodne, zagotovo pa lahko žrtev postavijo v bolnišnico in povzročijo močne bolečine, ki trajajo več dni. Če imate slabost ali bolečine v streljanju kmalu po izstopu iz vode, poiščite zdravniško pomoč.

"Žalo", ki je odporno na pike meduz, stane približno 100 dolarjev ali pa ga lahko najamete približno 20 dolarjev na teden.

Modra obročasta hobotnica

V skalnatih bazenih okoli avstralskih obal je majhna hobotnica Blue Ring. Ponavadi dolgočasno peščeno-bež barve ima bitje na koži živo modre kroge, če je ogroženo. Modri ​​obroček hobotnice je redek in sramežljiv. Pazite, da roke ne položite pod kamenje ali v razpoke v skalnatih bazenih ali v bližini obale, saj se tu ponavadi skrivajo. Večina domačinov dela enako. Ima močan paralizirajoči toksin, ki lahko povzroči smrt, če ni zagotovljeno umetno dihanje. V zgodovini Avstralije obstajata le dve potrjeni smrti modre prstanove hobotnice.

Krokodili

Krokodil s slano vodo

Popotniki v severni Queenslandi, na severnem ozemlju ali v severozahodni Avstraliji se morajo zavedati nevarnosti smrtnih napadov morski krokodili v severnih vodah in ob njih (oceanske, estuarinske in sladkovodne lege) med King Soundom v zahodni Avstraliji in Rockhamptonom v Queenslandu. Krokodili s slano vodo na teh območjih lahko dosežejo 25 čevljev in lahko brez opozorila napadajo v vodi. Kljub temu, kar pove njihovo ime, jih lahko najdemo tako v slani kot v sladki vodi. Na kopnem krokodili običajno ležijo nepremično, vendar se lahko v kratkih rafalih premikajo z izredno hitrostjo. Napadov, ki povzročajo poškodbe, je razmeroma malo - večina napadov je usodnih. Na nevarnih plavalnih območjih bodo običajno vidni opozorilni znaki. V teh regijah plavajte v celinskih vodah le, če vam svetujejo, da so varne. Od leta 1970 se vsako leto zgodi približno en napad krokodila na človeka.

Manjši sladkovodni krokodil je za razliko od slane vode sramežljiv in se bo po možnosti izogibal ljudem. Sladka voda lahko napade, da se brani ali jajca ali če se prestraši. Lahko jih naredijo neprijeten ugriz, vendar zaradi majhnih čeljusti in zob to redko povzroči smrt pri ljudeh.

Nevarna flora

Gympie grm (Mondidi dendronida), znano tudi kot pekoče drevo, je pekoča rastlina, katere mikroskopski zbadajoči lasje na listih in vejah lahko povzročajo hude bolečine do nekaj tednov. Največ jih najdemo v severovzhodni Queenslandi, zlasti na jasah deževnih gozdov. Vendar pa lahko grm Gympie in druge sorodne vrste (približno pet jih je) pekočega drevesa najdemo v jugovzhodni Queenslandi in bolj južno v vzhodni Avstraliji. Ljudem, ki hodijo po takih območjih, svetujejo, naj se iz kakršnega koli razloga ne dotikajo rastline.

Zločin

Zločin stopnje v Avstraliji so približno primerljive z drugimi državami prvega sveta: malo potnikov bo žrtev kaznivih dejanj. Upoštevajte običajne varnostne ukrepe proti razgrabljanju vrečk, žepanju žepov in podobno. Nekatera mesta imajo območja, ki so ponoči lahko nevarna, toda navadno so zunaj turistične poti in je zelo verjetno, da se ne boste zataknili po naključju.

Avstralska policija je dostopna in zaupanja vredna, o napadih, kraji ali drugem kaznivem dejanju bi morali čim prej prijaviti policijo.

V Avstraliji obstajata dve vrsti policije; državna / teritorialna policija in avstralska zvezna policija (AFP). Običajno boste sodelovali le z državno policijo, pri čemer je AFP v veliki meri namenjen zelo specifičnim vlogam, povezanim z vlado, izjema je Avstralsko glavno ozemlje (ACT), kjer je AFP glavna policija.

V nobenem primeru avstralskemu policistu (ali karkoli drugemu vladnemu uslužbencu, na primer cariniku) ne smete ponuditi podkupnine ali napitnine, saj je to kaznivo dejanje in bo proti njemu uveljavil zakone.

Ko pustite avto sam, se prepričajte, da je zaklenjen, da so okna zvita in da v vozilu ni očitnih tarč za krajo, saj tatovi pogosto razbijejo okna, da pridejo do telefona, GPS-a ali torbe, ki je vidna v avtu.

Rasizem

Avstralija je navzven večkulturna in rasno strpna družba in obstajajo močni zakoni, ki prepovedujejo sovražni govor in druge oblike diskriminacije na podlagi rase. Kljub temu je rasizem še vedno občutljiva tema za narod, ki se še vedno ni popolnoma sprijaznil s svojo zgodovino kolonialne okupacije. Prisilno prisvajanje priseljenskih dežel skupaj s formalno diskriminacijo, rasizmom, ki ga je sankcionirala država, in celo prisilno ločevanje aboriginskih otrok (znanih kot Ukradene generacije) od njihovih družin se je razširilo še v 20. stoletje. Postopne spremembe v zadnjem stoletju so opuščale priseljevalno politiko samo za bele, državljanstvo staroselcev in ustanavljanje velikih skupnosti azijskega, bližnjevzhodnega in afriškega izvora.

Obiskovalci Avstralije na srečo verjetno ne bodo naleteli na naključne primere rasne zlorabe. Če se to zgodi, lahko to prijavite policiji in pričakujete, da bodo ukrepali. Nasilni incidenti so še redkejši.

Besede, ki se nanašajo na rasno ozadje, lahko uporabljajo prijatelji med različnimi etničnimi skupinami, vendar jih je toplo priporočamo, da jih ne preizkušate sami. Morda boste dobro slišali, kako se uporabljajo Pom (britanski), Yank (ameriški), Paki (indijska podcelina) in Wog (južnoevropske ali bližnjevzhodne). Zlasti Britanci bi nekatere od teh izrazov obravnavali kot posebej rasistične, vendar jih v Avstraliji uporabljajo veliko bolj ležerno. Aboridžinov nikoli ne omenjajte kot "Abos" - saj gre za rasističen izraz.

V avstralski družbi delujejo skupine proti priseljevanju in večkulturne skupine, ki večinoma agitirajo proti priseljevanju ljudi iz muslimanskih in afriških držav. Kot obiskovalec verjetno ne bi prišel v stik z njimi, čeprav če je pozno ponoči v pivnici in začnete spodbujati ljudi k rasnim stališčem, potem vse stave niso več - bodite pripravljeni na vse. Melbourne je pred kratkim doživel nekaj nasilnih kaznivih dejanj, ki so vključevala mlade afriškega rodu, kar pa je v veliki meri pretiralo večino lokalnih medijev in številnih politikov, kar je spodbudilo rasistična čustva.

Uporaba ni žaljiva Aussie (Ozzie) za opis Avstralcev, vendar to ni izraz, ki ga Avstralci običajno uporabljajo za samoidentifikacijo. Verjetneje ga bodo uporabili za stvari (Aussiejeva pravila itd.) Kot zase. Ko se spev Aussie, Aussie, Aussie - Oi Oi Oi dvigne na mednarodnem športnem dogodku, se bodo nekateri Avstralci zdrznili, drugi pa se bodo pridružili. Pogosto je to odvisno od njihovega lastnega zaznanega družbenega stanja ali stanja opijenosti ali obojega .

Prevare

Poskusi prevara turistov v Avstraliji ni veliko; sprejmite običajne previdnostne ukrepe, na primer, če želite izvedeti nekaj o svojem cilju. Redki so primeri, ko so storilci kaznivih dejanj posegali po bankomatih, tako da je v njih ujeta gotovina ali da so tatom beležili podatke o karticah. You should check your transaction records for odd transactions after using an ATMs and immediately contact the bank controlling the ATM if a transaction seems to be successful but the machine doesn't give you any cash. Always cover the keypad with your hand when entering your PIN to prevent any skimming devices which have cameras recording your PIN.

ATM Skimming is rare and easily avoided by using ATMs from trusted banks (ANZ, Commonwealth, Westpac, Nab), or ATMs located inside a bank "gallery" which are generally open 24/7 but are more secure than an outdoor ATM.

Illegal drugs

Opium, heroin, amphetamines (speed), cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, marijuana and hashish among other drugs are all illegal to possess and to sell in all states of Australia. Trafficking offences carry a long jail term, and in serious cases can even lead to life imprisonment. Australia shares information on drug trafficking with other countries, even those with the death penalty.

Penalties for possession or sale of small amounts of marijuana are typically lower than for other drugs, and vary between states. In South Australia, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory jail terms do not apply to first time marijuana offences. Some states can issue on-the-spot fines for small amounts of marijuana whereas others always require a court appearance. Foreigners should not expect more lenient treatment than locals from Australian police for drug offences. Driving while under the influence of drugs is a serious offence, and doing so will invariably lead to arrest and prosecution, and in serious cases even a jail sentence.

Do not under any circumstances attempt to bring illicit drugs into Australia, including marijuana; this is strictly illegal and punishable with long jail terms of up to life in prison, and customs officers often employ dogs to sniff drugs out of arriving passengers' luggage. Dogs can even tell that you smoked marijuana from the day before you flew to Australia, so you may be held back for some long questioning.

Australia's proximity to Azija means that heroin is a far more commonly used illicit drug than cocaine or crack cocaine. In some areas of large cities you will need to be careful of discarded needles: however these will generally be found in back streets rather than in popular tourist spots.

Strelno orožje

Firearm ownership is rare in Australia, with strict licensing requirements resulting in gun ownership being typically limited to hunters and farmers in rural areas, as well as sport shooters. Criminal gangs do carry illegal firearms in urban areas, although it is unlikely that travellers will run into them.

It is very difficult to bring firearms into Australia, with a Police permit required for each federal state to be visited prej arrival.

Gay and lesbian travellers

Australia has an equal age of consent set at 16 for all states except Tasmania and South Australia where the age is 17. Same sex marriage is legal in Australia, having been passed into law in December 2017 after the nation strongly voted for it (with 61% choosing change) in a national postal survey.

Attitudes to homosexuality are similar to those found in most western countries. Although inner Sydney is one of the most gay-friendly cities in the world, caution is still advisable in conservative rural areas, including rural parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Australia has outlawed discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and legal recourse may be available should you experience discrimination. Police assistance may be difficult to obtain in remote and rural areas for discrimination.

Sydney is Australia's gay capital, and hosts one of the world's most famous gay pride festivals - the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras - annually during February and March. The festival culminates in a huge parade through central Sydney which attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators. Alice Springs celebrates the "Alice Is Wonderland Festival", a gay and lesbian pride festival in late April/early May. Melbourne has a "Pride March" every year on the first Sunday of February.

Stay healthy

Koža

"Sunbaker" from 1937 is one of the most widely recognised of all Australian photographs.

Exposure to the sun at Australian latitudes frequently results in sončne opekline, and Australia has one of the highest skin cancer rates in the world. Getting sunburnt can make you feel feverish and unwell and may take a few days or weeks to heal depending on the severity. It means you can't go back out into the sun until the sunburn fades, so getting sunburnt on the first day of your beach holiday can seriously reduce the fun of your trip. It can take as little as 15 minutes to burn in Australia on a fine summer's day, even in shaded outdoor areas. You should wear sunscreen (SPF 30 ), clothing, and a hat to shade the sun.

Re-apply sunscreen every 2–3 hours throughout the day as it wears off quickly if you are sweating or swimming. Make sure to cover all parts of your body. UV radiation in the middle of the day can be double what it is in the early morning or later afternoon, so if possible avoid the sun during the hottest part of the day. Daily UV forecasts are issued by the Bureau of Meteorology online.

Spray On Sunscreen from an aerosol bottle have increased in popularity because of their ease of use, however the effectiveness is far more limited than cream and people have experienced severe sunburns after using.

If you are heading to the beach, consider buying a sun-tent (less than $20 from discount and hardware stores). You generally can't hire beach umbrellas at Australian beaches, and they are very exposed.

Food preparation

Australia has high hygiene standards, with restaurants required to observe strict food preparation standards. Food poisoning rates are comparable to other first world nations.

Voda

The tap water in urban Australia is almost always safe to drink, and it will be marked on the tap if this is not the case. The taste and hardness of the tap water will vary considerably across the country. Some cities such as Adelaide rely on ground water supplies that have an unpleasant taste, but are by no means unsafe. Many households use water purifier jugs. Bottled water is also widely available. Carrying water on hot days is a good idea in urban areas, and it is a necessity if hiking or driving out of town. Remoter areas in the outback may not have treated drinking water on tap. At sites where tap water is untreated, water sterilization tablets may be used as an alternative to boiling. If driving long distances on infrequently trafficked roads it is essential to carry drinking water. This is absolutely necessary in hotter areas and on dirt roads or tracks. It is rare that someone does not die of thirst in outback Australia in any year. It is recommended that in event of a breakdown you stay with the car for shade and to increase your chances of being found. Before long distance touring seek specific advice on calculating how much water to carry for the proposed journey and allowing for breakdowns.

Cepljenja

Australia does not have endemic communicable diseases that will require non-standard vaccinations. Like many other countries, it will require evidence of rumena mrzlica vaccinations on entry if you will have been in a country with a risk of infection within 6 days before your arrival in Australia.

Komarji

Mosquitoes are present all year round in the tropics, and during the summer in southern areas. Screens on windows and doors are common, and repellent is readily available. Ross River Virus is spread by mosquitoes in the tropics, and can make you sick for a few weeks. There have been cases of dengue fever. Malaria is not present in Australia.

Zdravstvena oskrba

Royal Flying Doctor Service aircraft

As described above, 000 is the Australian emergency services number and in any medical emergency you should call this number and ask for an ambulance and other emergency services as necessary, to attend.

Australia has first world medical standards. In particular, it is safe to receive blood transfusions in Australia, as donors are screened for HIV, hepatitis and many other blood borne illnesses.

Australia's population density is low; parts of Australia are a long way from medical facilities of any kind. Many of these areas are served by the Kraljevska leteča zdravniška služba. Small towns with populations of 5,000 or more will have a small hospital capable of giving emergency treatment. Larger towns will have a base hospital capable of routine and some kinds of emergency surgery. In some cases you may need to be evacuated to one of the capital cities for specialist treatment.

Capital cities will have medical centres where you can drop in, often open on weekends or until late. In country towns you may have to make an appointment and may have no alternative other than the closest hospital after hours and weekends. You can also expect to wait a few hours if your condition isn't urgent.

• Poisons Information Hotline, ☏13 11 26 (in country only). Give free advice if any medication or poisons are taken inadvertently. They will also give advice on what treatment is necessary for things like a spider bite. However, if you think you are in any immediate danger, call '000' for an ambulance. 

Medical costs and travel insurance

Australian citizens and permanent residents who live in Australia can receive health care through the taxpayer funded Medicare. Foreigners working or studying in Australia and without a reciprocal agreement are generally required to take up private health insurance as part of their visa conditions. Foreigners on a short visit will want to make sure their travel insurance is in order, as medical costs can be expensive for those not entitled to Medicare benefits. Medicare does not cover private hospitals or dental care, so you will need to obtain private health insurance to pay for these.

Travellers from Belgija, Finland, Irska, Italija, Malta, Nizozemska, Nova Zelandija, Norveška, Slovenija, Švedska in Združeno kraljestvo are entitled to free reciprocal Medicare treatment for medical problems that occur during their visit. It is advisable to familiarise yourself with the conditions of the reciprocal arrangement with your country. For example, Irish people and New Zealanders are only entitled to free treatment at a hospital, whereas the other reciprocal nationalities are entitled to subsidised treatment at general practitioners as well. No reciprocal programmes cover private hospitals, and the full cost will have to be met by yourself or with travel insurance.

If you are not a citizen or permanent resident of a reciprocal agreement country then travel insurance is highly recommended.You can expect to pay around $80 to see a general practitioner, plus any additional costs for any pathology or radiology required. The charge to visit a local hospital can be much more expensive, private hospitals even more so. You can pay up to $500 even if you are not admitted, and possibly several thousand dollars if you are. Rescue and Royal Flying Doctor Services are provided for free, but evacuation or ambulance services can cost many thousands of dollars from a country town to a capital city, or from an island to the mainland.

Even if you are an Australian citizen, ambulance and evacuation services are not provided free of charge. If an air-ambulance is required this can still cost thousands of dollars. Most health-insurance companies sell ambulance only cover valid Australia-wide. Ambulance membership programs may only cover you in your own state - check before travelling interstate. Domestic travel insurance does not usually cover medical or ambulance expenses. Medicare cover does not include ambulance costs (at least several hundred dollars) in the event of an emergency; only private insurance with ambulance cover will pay for this.

Snake and spider bite anti-venom is very expensive. The cost can be well over $10,000 even if you don't need a stay in hospital.

Povežite se

Internet

Australia offers many Internet access options for travellers:

Internet cafés are available in most tourist areas and normally cost $4–5 per hour. However, many internet cafés have 12-20 computers sharing a single broadband connection, sometimes making the internet painfully slow. If possible, ask if you can check the speed of a café's connection before forking out $4–5 for an hour.

Public libraries usually offer some form of Internet access to travellers, either free or for a small fee. Some prohibit access to email, promoting research use of their facilities. Others offer Wi-Fi and terminals, with Wi-Fi usually being free of restrictions.

Major hotels offer Internet access, usually for an exorbitant fee. Most youth hostels and backpacker accommodation have at least an Internet terminal at reception. Some other accommodation providers offer Wi-Fi to their guests, almost always with a charge. It is still common to find motels and other smaller hotels without any Internet offering to customers.

• Veliko coffee shops offer Wi-Fi free to their customers.
• McDonald's has free Wi-Fi in just about all their stores.
• Internode has free Wi-Fi hotspots, including much of Adelaide city centre.
• Telstra has partnered with Fon to create an extensive network of WiFi hotspots around Australia that utilise Telstra telephone boxes and Telstra broadband customers to create hotspots that go by the name Telstra Air with the slogan 'Australia's largest WiFi Network'. Look for a distinctive white WiFi logo on solid pink and the words 'Telstra Air' to indicate major hotspots. The networks appear in WiFi lists as 'Telstra Air' or 'Fon WiFi'. Expect good coverage in city centre areas although it may require some searching to locate a hot spot outside of CBD areas. Hot spot maps are available on the Telstra and Fon websites.

• Access can be purchased for $6.60 for 1 hour, $10 for 1 day or $23 for 5 days.

In major urban centres, you'll find free Wi-Fi in shopping malls and other large shops and increasingly on public transport: Sydney's ferries offer free Wi-Fi as do Adelaide's trams.

3G/4G wireless

There are three mobile networks in Australia. All of them provide 3G/UMTS and 4G/LTE mobile data services.

As the data is carried over the mobile network, the advice about frequencies, obtaining SIMs and using a foreign device in the Mobile Cellular Phones section applies.

If you intend to use your phone with your home carrier, check with them for data roaming fees (likely quite expensive). If your handset isn't locked, it may be much cheaper to buy a local SIM.

Several carriers offer prepaid mobile data access with no contract from around $20-30 per month with various bundles and inclusions. For around $50 you can get a USB modem or Wi-Fi dongle. There are thousands of plans available through hundreds of resellers. Using an internet comparison site will direct you to the best deals.

Radio in televizija

Australia has 2 national public broadcasters, the ABC in SBS. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (or ABC) broadcasts Local Radio, Triple J (Youth/Indie music) and ABC Classic on AM/FM Radio as well as 4 TV channels. The Special Broadcasting Service (or SBS) broadcasts more ethnic, bilingual and cultural content on 2 TV channels and 2 analogue radio stations. Both broadcasters are available in most populous areas but the ABC has a greater radio coverage.

There are 3 free-to-air commercial TV networks, namely Sedem, Devet in Ten; all or most are available in a majority of areas. In regional areas, affiliates such as WIN, Imparja, Prime will carry feeds from major networks along with some local programming.

You should expect to receive and watch all these channels in almost all accommodation in towns and cities across Australia.

On Pay TV operator is also available called Foxtel - transmitted by Cable, Satellite, and Internet. Some hotels will advertise free Foxtel, which means you should also be able to view the main international news channels and lots of light entertainment reruns. They may also subscribe to a range of sports and movies, but you should check first.

The bigger the city, the more radio stations you'll find. Country towns will often just have one commercial radio station and the ABC. If you're driving the distances between country towns, you can often lose all radio coverage. Download some music or podcasts for the trip before you leave. It's advisable to stay tuned to the ABC if travelling during emergencies or high bushfire risk periods.

DAB Digital Radio is available in capital cities, but receivers aren't installed in cars or most accommodation. If you have a digital radio, you'll get a handful of extra music channels.

Časopisi

The main national broadsheet newspaper is The Australian, s Avstralski finančni pregled focussing on financial and business news. There are also other newspapers that are published locally within their respective states, the most notable ones being Sydney Morning Herald in Daily Telegraph, both based in Sydney, and Starost in Herald Sun, both based in Melbourne.

Telephone

A typical Telstra payphone booth

Calling overseas from Australia

The main international access code or prefix is 0011. (When using a mobile phone the plus symbol " " can be used instead of the 0011 prefix.)

Klicne kode

The country code for international calls to Australia is 61. When dialling from overseas, omit any leading '0' in the area code.

For example, the local number for the Broken Hill tourist information is 8080-3300. The area code is 08 as Broken Hill is in the Central & West area code region. To dial the number from Adelaida or anywhere else inside the same area code region you can optionally omit the area code, and just dial 8080-3300. To dial the number from Sydney or anywhere in Australia outside the area code region, you will need to dial 08 8080-3300. If you don't know your area code region, you can still dial the area code, and it will still work. To dial the number from overseas you will need to dial your local international access code (00 for most of Evropi or 011 in the ZDA in Kanada) and then dial 61 8 8080-3300, that is drop the leading '0' from the area code.

Australian area code list:

• 02 = Central East (New South Wales, Australian Capital Territory and north-eastern fringe of Victoria)
• 03 = South East (Southern NSW, Victoria and Tasmania)
• 04 = Mobile phones Australia-wide (higher call charges apply).
• 07 = North East (Queensland)
• 08 = Central & West (Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far Western New South Wales)

Local calls are about $0.25 on most fixed lines and $0.50 on all Telstra Pay Phones.

• If calling an Australian number from a mobile phone outside Australia it is best to use the format 61880803300 with no prostorih and no (0) prefixes included.
• If making an international call from your mobile phone from within Australia use the ' ' followed by the country code, followed by destination območna koda, čemur sledi local number at the destination. Omit all leading '0' prefixes and do not include any prostorih.
• If dialling from a mobile telephone in Australia it is not necessary to use an international dialling prefix (such as 0011). The ' ' symbol followed by the destination country code is all that is needed to access the international telephone system from your handset.

Posebne številke

• Numbers commencing with 13 are charged at a local call rate, and what they connect you to can vary according to your location. They can be 10 or 6 digit numbers. For example, 1300 796 222, will connect you with the Albury tourist information, no matter where you are in Australia. However, 131 008 will connect you with a different local taxi service depending on where you are. 13 22 32 will connect you to New South Wales Railways in Sydney or Victorian Railways in Melbourne. Calling these numbers internationally can be problematic.
• Numbers commencing with 18 are free when dialled from a payphone or fixed phone, and commonly used for hotel reservation numbers, or tourist information numbers.
• Numbers commencing with 19 are premium numbers, often with zelo hefty call charges (make sure you check before dialling).
• Numbers commencing with 12 are carrier services, and are dependent on what network you are connected to. Na primer 12 456 is a general information number for Telstra. Vodafone offer a similar services on 123. These numbers can be premium services as well.

Calling special numbers internationally can often work - just try dialling the number prefixed with the 61 country code. Many locations will give an alternative direct number for use in international dialling.

Making reverse charge (collect) calls is very expensive and can be problematic. You can use 12550 from a Telstra public phone, or 1800 NO CASH from any phone. But you have to be calling a number that will accept the charges (usually a landline or mobile on a mainstream telco).

Mobile cellular phones

Australia has cellular networks operated by Telstra, Optus in Vodafone, and each of the networks have several resellers with different price plans. All three operate UMTS/HSPA (3G) and LTE (4G) networks.

There are no restrictions on overseas residents obtaining Australian prepaid SIM cards, although you may require some form of photo ID such as your passport for identification.

2G-only and CDMA phones (phones without a SIM card) will not work in Australia. Vse 2G networks in Australia have been shut down.

Telstra and Vodafone have 3G HSPA services on 850/2100 MHz, and Optus on 900/2100 MHz. These are still the greatest geographical range of service. 4G LTE is widely available most centres on all carriers. Support for 4G band 28 (700 MHz) on newer phones is necessary to get good 4G coverage outside of major centres and better coverage in them.

With foreign SIM cards, international roaming is generally seamless onto Australia's 3G (UMTS/W-CDMA) and 4G networks, depending on agreements between operators. Check with your home operator before you leave.

All major cities and their suburbs have decent coverage on all three networks, as do most significant country towns and inter-capital links. Telstra's 850 MHz 3G network provides the best rural coverage (though it is also the most expensive), but unpopulated or sparsely populated areas away from major roads are unlikely to have service at all. If you are heading way out into the bush then a satellite phone may be your only option. Remember all mobile phones can be used for emergency calls on all networks, even if they don't have a local SIM or aren't roaming. This applies to satellite phones too.

A cheap prepaid mobile phone with a SIM retails for around $40 in most Australian retail outlets, supermarkets, and post offices; a SIM alone for an existing phone is around $2–3. Prepaid credit is added using recharge cards available at all supermarkets, newsagents, some ATMs, and other outlets.

You can buy a seemly infinite variety of packages, SIM cards, and phone bundles, with varied combinations of data, SMS and call time. Some carriers make calculating included calls difficult, by giving you a dollar "value" that is included in your package, and you then need to find the call, sms and data rates to calculate what is included. These rates can differ from plan to plan. Make sure the plan you choose includes what you need, because using data or making calls outside of the package allowance is often orders of magnitude more expensive.

Satellite phones

If you need comprehensive coverage in rural and remote areas, you can use a satellite phone. Iridium, Globalstar and Thuraya satellite services are available in Australia. Expect to pay around $120 per week to hire a satellite phone, plus call costs. Satellite messaging units, which send your location and a help SMS or email, can be hired for around $80 per week.

These units are only available from specialist dealers, often only in major cities (away from the remote areas you may be visiting). You should be able to acquire or hire these units in your home country before departure if you wish.

Satellite phones can be used to make emergency calls without a SIM card or subscription plan. The cheapest cost around $300, or just a little more than a PLB.

Public phones

Most towns and suburbs have at least one public phone. Most railway stations will have a public phone. Text messages can be sent from many public phones, using the keypad in much the same way as an old-style mobile phone. Follow the instructions on the phone display.

Objavi

Express (yellow) and normal (red) Australia Post street posting boxes

Australia Post runs Australia's postal service. Letters can be posted in any red Australia Post posting box, which are found at all post offices and many other locations. All stamps can be purchased from post offices, and some stamps can be purchased from newsagents and hotels. Posting a standard letter costs $1 within Australia (up to 250g), $1.85 for Asia/Pacific (up to 20g) and $2.75 for the rest of the world (up to 20g). 'Domestic' and 'international' stamps are different, as international is tax free, therefore, so make sure you use the right stamp. Parcels, express post and other services are also available.

Addresses in Australia are generally formatted in the following way, which is similar to addresses in the United States and Canada

Name of recipient
(If needed) Unit number or building name
House number and street name
City or town, two or three-letter state abbreviation, postcode

You can receive mail via Poste Restante in any city or town. Mail should be addressed to your full name c/o Post Restante, and you simply call into the post office with ID to receive your mail.