Vesolje - Space

Vesolje je - kot Zvezdne steze postavlja - "končna meja". Komercialni vesoljski turizem je še vedno majhen trg po vseh merilih, vendar je zagotovo prispel - za tiste, ki si ga lahko privoščijo.

Medtem ko jih lahko le malo pojdi v vesolje lahko vsak z dobrimi očmi glej brezplačno, in to ljubiteljsko astronomija od kjer koli na zemeljskem površju.

Razumeti

Vesoljeali preprosto vesolja, simbolizira vse tisto, kar je od nas nemogoče oddaljeno, vendar je pravzaprav izjemno blizu - najpogostejša definicija je, da se vesolje začne le 100 km (62 milj) nad morsko gladino, mejo, znano kot črta Kármán. Nad to višino potrebujete vesoljsko tehnologijo, da pridete tja in preživite, saj tudi letalska tehnologija na visoki višini ne bo zadostovala. Za prostor je značilen skoraj vakuum, ko se ozračje v medplanetarnem prostoru zmanjša na nekaj atomov na kubični meter, in do mikrogravitacija ali prosti pad, ustvarja občutek breztežnost.

Nadaljnji paradoks vesolja je, da je zelo natančno preslikan in urejen, več kot marsikje v našem svetu. Pretekli raziskovalci, ki so se odpravljali na nove celine ali morja, niso niti malo vedeli, kaj leži pred njimi ali kam bi lahko vodilo njihovo potovanje, in morda že leta niso v stiku z domom. Tisti, ki se odpravljajo v vesolje, imajo zelo natančne poti, izračunane na delce sekunde, da izkoristijo gravitacijske sile. Ves dan se usklajujejo z nadzorom misij, v prostem času pa lahko s svojimi družinami s svetlobno hitrostjo opravljajo avdio in video klice.

Ta stran ne zajema neštetih naravnih teles, ki jih najdemo v vesolju, kot so planeti, lune in zvezde. Za. Imamo ločen članek Luna, vendar nobeno drugo nebeško telo ni cilj za ljudi - še!

Zgodovina

Vesolje tisočletja ni bilo dobro razumljeno. Ljudje so verjeli, da se ozračje neomejeno širi navzgor in če se lahko na balonih ali letečih napravah dvignete dovolj visoko, boste sčasoma dosegli Luno in zvezde. Astronomi so lahko zvezde opazovali le s prostimi očmi in brez razumevanja Newtonove fizike naj bi se Sonce in druge zvezde vrtele okoli Zemlje.

Okoli 1600-ih je napredek v matematiki, fiziki in tehnologiji začel preoblikovati naše razumevanje. Teleskopi pokazali, kaj leži zunaj našega sveta, ko smo lahko opazovali Jupitrove lune in Venerove faze. Skozi teorijo gravitacija in Newtonovo fiziko smo odkrili, da je vesolje vakuum in zakaj zvezde, planeti in lune krožijo med seboj tako, kot to počnejo. Veliko več napredka v 19. stoletju je sprožilo več zanimanja, saj so fotografije razkrivale podrobnosti naše Lune in identifikacijo drugih galaksij. Futuristična dela zgodnje znanstvene fantastike, kot je Jules Verne Od Zemlje do Lune (1865) je spodbudilo apetit javnosti po vesoljskih potovanjih.

Zaradi pomanjkanja ozračja ne morete leteti z letali ali baloni v vesolje. Do danes je bila z našo obstoječo tehnologijo mogoča le ena metoda doseganja vesolja: rakete. Kitajci so smodnik izumili nekje v 9. stoletju našega štetja, če ne že prej, in so ga v 13. in 14. stoletju uporabljali za pogon raket, celo ustvarjali večstopenjske balistične rakete. Kmalu so po vsem svetu začeli uporabljati rakete, čeprav so večino tistega časa ostali dokaj nezahtevni, ne več kot militarizirani ognjemeti. Ruski učitelj Konstantin Tsiolkovsky je v 20. stoletju, navdihnjen z idejo o raziskovanju vesolja, objavil mejnike, v katerih je izračunal izvedljivost sodobnih vrst raket (s tekočimi gorivi) in zahteve za dosego orbite, ameriški znanstvenik Robert Goddard pa je eksperimentiral z načrti raket, ki bi močno izboljšajo njihovo učinkovitost, doseg in koristni tovor.

Medtem ko so bili pionirji raketnih vozil v začetku 20. stoletja oči uprti v zvezde, rakete še niso ubežale njihovemu vojaškemu poreklu. Do leta 1944 je Nemčija zgradila prvo balistično raketo V-2, ki je padala na cilje s hitrostjo, zaradi katere je bila neranljiva za protiletalske topove in lovce. V-2 se je povzpel na 80 km, preden je padel na cilj, nekateri naravnostni preizkusni streli pa so bili prvi, ki so prečkali črto Kármán in dosegli 174 km. Ob koncu vojne so si zmagovalci mrzlično prizadevali zajeti nemško opremo, načrte, predvsem pa raketne znanstvenike in inženirje. Razvoj ICBM na velike razdalje (medcelinske balistične rakete) je ustvaril hladno vojno med ZDA in ZSSR, vendar je napredna tehnologija privedla tudi do Vesoljska dirka saj sta se obe državi v vesoljskih poletih pomerili za različne "prve".

Trik pri vesoljskih letih je, da ne gre za pot visoko... gre gre hitro. V nizki Zemljini orbiti to pomeni hitrost okoli 7,8 km / s (28.000 km / h ali 17.000 mph), kar je dovolj, da v približno 90 minutah obkroži celotno Zemljo. Pod vodstvom inženirja Sergeja Koroleva je Sovjetska zveza to prvič dobila leta 1957, ko Sputnik 1 21 dni uspešno krožil okoli Zemlje. Sledilo bi še nekaj sovjetskih prvenstev, vključno z Jurij Gagarin, prvi človek v vesolju. Medtem ko je sprva zaostajal, je ameriški program s svojo ekipo raketnih znanstvenikov pod vodstvom Wernherja von Brauna (oblikovalca nemškega V-2) v šestdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja dobil sovraštvo do sovjetskega programa že nekaj let. Nato je leta 1967 vrtoglavi razvojni korak povzročil usodne katastrofe za oba programa: požar med preizkusom ameriškega Apolla 1, ki je ubil vse tri astronavte, in nesrečo sovjetskega Sojuza 1, ki je ubil svojega kozmonavta. Več kot 18 mesecev je trajalo, da sta se programa obnovila.

ZDA so si opomogle in celo pospešile svoj pristanek Apolon 11 na Luni 20. julija 1969. Neil Armstrong in Buzz Aldrin sta zapustila pristanek in se sprehodila po Luni, spektakel, ki si ga je v živo ogledalo približno 723 milijonov ljudi (več kot petina prebivalstva Zemlje). Sledilo je še šest misij do decembra 1972. Medtem je sovjetski program tiho naletel na težave pri razvoju svoje lunine rakete; izgubila dirko z Luno, se je ZSSR osredotočila na orbitalno vesoljske postaje, ki je leta 1971 odprl prvo od več postaj Salyut Mir leta 1986. Vesolje se je zdelo zelo blizu; v nekem trenutku so prodajali karte za Luno in še neobstoječe vesoljske postaje. Zanimanje za vesoljsko dirko je upadlo, ko se je razvijalo politično ozračje in vstal je nov občutek za resničnost. Divje sanje v šestdesetih in sedemdesetih so umrle, ko je javnost spoznala, da je bil njihov poceni in lahek vesoljski turizem obljubljen, ni t v prihodnosti.

Sateliti 14 držav in 6 zasebnih podjetij je skupaj izstrelilo približno 9000 javnih in zasebnih satelitov za opazovanje vremena, telekomunikacije, navigacijo, astronomijo, znanstvene raziskave in izvidništvo. Posadke s posadkovendar ostajajo domena majhnega števila organizacij in se od leta 1972 izvajajo le v nizki zemeljski orbiti; potovanje izven Zemljine orbite je (zaenkrat) postalo izključna domena človeštva robotski raziskovalci.

Kitajska je postala tretja država, ki je človeka spravila v orbito z začetkom leta 2007 Shenzhou 5 oktobra 2003, kar je sprožilo špekulacije, da bodo lahko hitro napredovali in postali drugi narod, ki bo iztovoril ljudi na Luni. Vendar je razvoj potekal s hitrostjo, podobno kot drugi programi, saj je bilo v skoraj 20 letih sproženih le šest misij s posadko. V bližnji prihodnosti si prizadevajo za vesoljsko postajo, ki bi jo lahko posadili do leta 2022, in robotske misije na Mars in asteroide v letih 2020-2024.

Na nek način je nova vesoljska dirka tista, ki bo zmanjšala stroške in je bila dolga in težka. Rakete in vesoljska plovila so drage za načrtovanje in drage za izdelavo. Izstrelitveni sistemi za večkratno uporabo se je zdel logičen naslednji korak, vendar so se doslej izkazali za dražje od tistih, ki jih je treba porabiti. Ameriški Space Shuttle je kljub temu, da je deloval 30 let, postal nekakšen beli slon, saj velika zasnova, ki so jo zahtevale letalske sile, ni nikoli privedla do nobenih pogodb letalskih sil, in prenova orbite med izstrelitvami se je izkazala za dražje in zamudnejše od pričakovanega. (V nasprotju s tem Rusija že več kot 60 let uporablja derivate iste porabljive rakete.)

Čeprav so rakete in vesoljska vozila vedno izdelovali zasebni izvajalci, je razvoj podjetja zasebna vesoljska podjetja za izstrelitvene sisteme je bil počasen, za posadke pa še počasnejši. Leta 2004 je Scaled Composites osvojil nagrado Ansari X 10 milijonov dolarjev, tako da je dvakrat v dveh tednih lansiral vesoljsko posadko SpaceShipOne na suborbitalne lete, toda od leta 2020 niti ta niti njen naslednik SpaceShipTwo niso bili uporabljeni za komercialne lete. SpaceX je od 2000-ih dosegel ogromen napredek z vertikalnim povezovanjem in gradil skoraj vso tehnologijo. Decembra 2015 je njihova raketa Falcon 9 za večkratno uporabo dosegla mejnik, saj se je avtonomno vrnila na mesto pristanka in pristala pokonci (podvig, ki so ga že večkrat ponovili, pristali na tleh in na plavajočih barkah), maja 2020 pa je SpaceX postal prvo zasebno podjetje, ki je ljudi izstrelilo v orbito.

Ker se osnove vesoljskih potovanj izvajajo že več kot pol stoletja, kratke misije ne ponujajo več toliko nagrade in dolgotrajni skupni projekti, kot je Mednarodna vesoljska postaja (ISS) so postali norma za raziskovanje vesolja s posadko. Ti omogočajo znanstvenikom izvajanje poskusov, ki trajajo mesece ali leta, in preučevanje učinkov dolgotrajnega bivanja v vesolju. Kljub temu so bili proračunski pomisleki najpomembnejši že od vrhunca vesoljske dirke, financiranje je bilo povsod okrnjeno. Obupana zaradi sredstev, je Ruska vesoljska agencija začela prodajati sedeže na izstrelitvah Sojuza. Poslovnež Dennis Tito je postal prvi plačnik vesoljski turist aprila 2001 plačal 20 milijonov ameriških dolarjev za sedemdnevno potovanje na ISS. Od takrat je peščica šla po njegovih stopinjah, nekateri celo na več letih.

Vloge

Doslej je bilo večino ljudi, ki so obiskali vesolje astronavti ali kozmonavti - strokovnjaki, ki so plačani za usposabljanje in izvajanje vesoljskih letov. Razlikovanje med imeni je večinoma spoštljivo, saj je "kozmonavt" rezerviran za člane ruske vesoljske agencije, "astronavta" pa uporabljajo NASA, ESA, CSA, JAXA in v bistvu vsi drugi.

Preostalih nekaj običajno imenujemo vesoljski turisti. Ker to pričara podobo nekoga v poliestrski majici s fotoaparatom okoli vratu, imata NASA in RKA ta izraz prednost udeleženec vesoljskih poletov. To je precej bolj natančno, saj so do zdaj vsi udeleženci večino svojega časa preživeli v vesolju in pomagali izvajati znanstvene poskuse. Previdneje je mogoče razlikovati med udeleženci, ki jih financira vlada iz drugih držav, ki nimajo stalnega programa za astronavte (kot so Brazilija, Malezija in ZAE), in turisti, ki se financirajo iz vesolja.

Trenutne misije

Od leta 2020 obstajata le dva programa, ki človeka pošiljata v orbito.

• Začetek leta 1998, Mednarodna vesoljska postaja (ISS) je stalno v posadki od leta 2000. Od leta 2020 prevoz do ISS zagotavljajo ruski misiji Soyuz in SpaceX Crew Dragon.
• Kitajci Shenzhou program je od leta 2003 izvedel 6 misij s posadko, naslednja pa naj bi leta 2021 zapolnila novo kitajsko vesoljsko postajo, ki jo sestavljajo.

Govori

Tako kot polarne baze in drugi večnacionalni podvigi se tudi v vesoljskih potovanjih uporabljajo jeziki obrtniških operaterjev, zelo začinjeni z veliko tehničnega žargona. angleščina je delovni jezik vesolja, ki se uporablja za številne vesoljske operacije in mednarodno usklajevanje na terenu. Rusko je sekundarni jezik; nekateri znaki in nalepke na ISS so dvojezični, misije Soyuz pa do ISS uporabljajo izključno ruščino.

Na ISS je angleščina običajno delovni jezik, vendar morajo posadke astronavtov in kozmonavtov dokaj tekoče obvladati angleščino in ruščino (pogosto se pogovarjajo v angleško-ruskem hibridu, običajno govorijo materni jezik vsakogar, s katerim se pogovarjajo). in nadomeščanje besed, ki jih v tujem jeziku ne poznajo). Vesoljski turisti na ISS morajo znati vsaj "dovolj angleščine, da se znajo spraviti", in ker so vsi turisti doslej leteli na misijah Soyuz, so potrebovali nekaj osnovnih znanj ruščine (250 ur jezikovnega usposabljanja v 6 mesecih študija oz. približno 2 uri na dan).

Vstopi

“	Glede na ladje ali jadra, prilagojena nebeškim vetričem, se bodo našli tisti, ki se ne bodo umaknili niti s tega prostranega prostranstva.	”
—Johannes Kepler, 1610 po Kr

Ali pa je morda rekel "strošek". Kepler, Galileo in Jules Verne niso imeli v žepih 40 milijonov dolarjev, da bi financirali potovanje v vesolje, vendar so vsi prispevali k možnosti potovanja tja. Tudi vi lahko.

• Na Zemlji obstaja veliko muzejev, lansirnih naprav in drugih središč, ki prikazujejo zgodovino in znanost o vesoljskih potovanjih. To so dobre priprave, če resnično upate v vesolje, in so zabaven dan, tudi če nikoli ne greste. Spodaj opisani v "Glej" so nekateri izmed najboljših in si oglejte njihove strani gostiteljskih mest za praktične informacije o potovanjih.
• Astronomija je način raziskovanja prostora, ki ga lahko naredite na svojem dvorišču, če je razmeroma brez svetlobe okolice. Astronomija je sama odpotovala v vesolje s Hubblovim vesoljskim teleskopom in drugimi slikovnimi sistemi, celo zemeljska astronomija je pogosto visokotehnološka znanost. Toda ljubiteljski astronomi s preprosto opremo - tudi s prostim očesom - še naprej odkrivajo. The ISS je enostavno (čeprav na kratko) viden s tal; glej Nasin vozni red ISS za ogled na vaši lokaciji. Je svetel zlati predmet, osvetljen s soncem, ki se odbija od njegovih plošč, in se hitro premika nazaj - zahod proti vzhodu. Po nekaj minutah postane rubin in nato izgine, ko kroži skozi sončni zahod v noč.
• Kiberturizem lahko omogoči izjemno gledanje, kakovost pa se hitro izboljšuje: realistična 3D-slika, interaktivno raziskovanje pokrajine in interakcija s sopotniki so znotraj sedanje tehnologije. To lahko postane prevladujoči način turizma v krhkih in sovražnih okoljih in je videti primeren za vesolje. Sorodni način je do ROV - daljinsko upravljano ali polavtonomno vozilo, ki raziskuje teren. To so zelo dragi deli opreme, vendar njihove slike lahko zapolnijo kiber različico.
• Mikrogravitacija lahko na kratko srečamo, ne da bi zapustili zemeljsko atmosfero. Glejte "Naredi" za možnosti.
• Delo tako je do zdaj prišla večina ljudi, ki so odšli v vesolje. Izbira za program astronavtov / kozmonavtov je zelo dolga, toda ker vse v vesoljskih potovanjih vključuje balistični dolg strel, je najboljše upanje za potencialne popotnike, ki niso super bogati.
• Turistični vesoljski polet je mogoče, če si ga lahko privoščite in resnično mislite, da je to najboljša poraba vsega tega denarja. Opisano je pod "Naredi", saj so izkušnje vesolja in potovanja do njih skoraj enake.

Obiti

Večina popotnikov v vesolju ostane v vesoljskem plovilu in za pogon se uporablja njegove pogonske sisteme. Ker je orbitalna mehanika izredno neintuitivna in je gorivo za manevriranje precej omejeno, je te naloge najbolje prepustiti usposobljenemu pilotu.

Znotraj svoje obrti se lahko zelo enostavno premikate z rokami in nogami. Obrt so zasnovani z dovolj ročaji in opore za premikanje in pritrditev na mestu, medtem ko delate. Težko se boste zataknili izven dosega enega, saj zagon, zračni tokovi in ​​druga majhna gibanja vaše ladje otežujejo popolno mirovanje. Če pa to storite, bi lahko ostali kar nekaj časa (veliko minut, morda celo ure). Kadarkoli posežete po površini, se bo preostanek vašega telesa oddaljil prav toliko in vam preprečil, da bi kar koli dosegli. Tudi "plavanje" po zraku ne deluje, saj za razliko od vode zrak ponuja zelo malo mase, proti kateri se lahko potisne. Najbolje je, če ne prosite za pomoč, če vržete nekaj primerno težkega, na primer oblačila, kar vas bo počasi poganjalo v nasprotno smer.

Občasno morajo to narediti vesoljski potniki zunaj vozil, ali EVA, kjer zapustijo svoje plovilo za dostop do znanstvenih poskusov ali popravila. Za to potrebujete zelo robusten vesoljska obleka, ki zagotavlja zrak, ki diha, in vas varuje pred vakuumom prostora, škodljivim sevanjem in ekstremnimi temperaturami (od skoraj absolutne ničle v senci do absolutnega praženja na divji sončni svetlobi).

Medtem ko lahko v svoji obrti povečate vsebino svojega srca, zunaj od tega lahko zlahka postanete svoj satelit brez lastnega pogona, ki bi lahko bil obsojen na kratko življenje, dokler vam dovod zraka v nekaj urah ne zmanjka. Manevrske enote z majhnimi potisniki so uporabili že nekajkrat (nazadnje leta 1990), vendar je varnostno tveganje preveliko in skope prednosti zagotovo niso vredne morebitnih težav. Danes se ena za nujne primere nosi na vseh EVA, vendar še nikoli ni bila uporabljena zunaj testov. EVA se vedno izvajajo privezana, in pogosto ne le privezan, ampak trdno pritrjen na roko Canadarm2, da vas lahko člani posadke premikajo.

Premikanje stvari v breztežnem okolju ni intuitivno, in pravilno ravnanje zahteva vajo in trening. Seveda lahko masivni predmet potisnete ali potegnete enako enostavno kot majhen, toda v resnici se dogaja, da se vi in ​​predmet premikate drug proti drugemu ali stran od njega. Če poskušate na primer uporabiti izvijač, se bo dejansko zgodilo to, da je vijak in vesoljsko plovilo, na katero je pritrjeno bo zavrtel majhno količino, medtem ko se vaše razmeroma majhno telo preostanek poti vrti v nasprotno smer - sploh ne tisto, kar ste poskušali doseči!

Kar morate storiti, je, da se zasidrate na vesoljsko plovilo, tako da lahko vrtite izvijač in vijak, ne da bi obrnili plovilo. Na Zemlji vas gravitacija drži do tal s silo celotne telesne teže, v vesolju pa morate za zagotavljanje te sile uporabiti mišično moč. (Predstavljajte si, da v roki držite košček lesa in poskušate vanj vstaviti vijak. To je veliko težje kot poskus vijaka v steno.) Astronavti vadijo v nevtralni vzgonski bazeni, veliki bazeni, kjer so predmeti pod vodo uravnoteženi tako, da ne plavajo in ne potonejo. Mnogo nalog v vesolju, zlasti med EVA, se izvaja zelo počasi in metodično.

Glej

Na Zemlji: muzeji itd

Vesoljsko potovanje ima tako dolgo zgodovino, da je večina glavnih svetovnih središč pri njem sodelovala, zdaj pa je razstavljeno v njihovem lokalnem muzeju. Spodaj so navedeni samo izbor najboljših znamenitosti.

• 39.936116.33061 ^{[mrtva povezava]}Pekinški planetarij (北京 天文馆; Běijīngtiānwénguǎn), 138 Xizhimenwai St (西直门 外 大街 138 号; Xīzhíménwàidàjiē), Peking, Kitajska (na izhodu D podzemne postaje v pekinškem živalskem vrtu), ☏ 86 10 6835 2453. Zaprto M-Tu, od 9:30 do 15:30, Z-F, od 9:30 do 16:30, Z-Ned. To je prvi obsežni planetarij na Kitajskem z dvema stavbama, eno staro in eno novo. V stari zgradbi je nihalo Foucault, naprava za prikaz vrtenja Zemlje in razstava z veliko dejstvi o vesolju. Nova stavba ima več stvari kot stara in ima modele vseh planetov. V novi stavbi so tudi razstave o soncu in velikem poku. Štiri gledališča (dve 3D gledališči in dve gledališči v obliki kupole) igrajo več kot 10 filmov. Odrasli (stari od 18 do 59 let): ¥ 10, otroci med 6. in 18. letom: ¥ 8, otroci do 6. leta ali starejši od 60 let: brezplačno, za filme boste morali plačati več.. (posodobljeno julij 2019)
• 45.459-75.64372 Kanadski letalski in vesoljski muzej, 11 Aviation Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario, Kanada (Nahaja se na vrhu Aviation Pkwy, Aviation Pkwy se začne z avtoceste Ontario 417, a.k.a. Queensway), ☏ 1 613-991-3044, faks: 1 613-993-7923, ✉[email protected]. 9:00 - 17:00 na dan. Ne gre zamenjati z kanadskim muzejem zračnega in vesolja, ki je povsem drugačen muzej. Kanadski letalski in vesoljski muzej ima pet razstav, od tega tri o vesolju in ne o letalstvu. Življenje v orbiti: Mednarodna vesoljska postaja govori o življenju na ISS in o tem, kako astronavti ravnajo z mikrogravitacijskim okoljem. Obstaja model ISS, po katerem se povzpnete! Kanada v vesolju je pregled najpomembnejših kanadskih vesoljskih dosežkov, vključno s celovitim modelom satelita Alouette-1 in disorientacijsko postajo, na katero se lahko povzpnete in vrtite ter se vam vrti v glavi. In končno, Zdravje v vesolju: Upati si raziskovati govori o vplivu vesolja na človeka, kot sta mikrogravitacija in kozmično sevanje. Odrasli (stari od 18 do 59 let): 15 USD, upokojenci (stari 60 let ali več): 13 USD, otroci od 3 do 17 let: 10 USD, otroci do 3 let: brezplačno. (posodobljeno julij 2019)
• 29.5518-95.09133 Vesoljski center Johnson, 1601 NASA Parkway, Houston, Teksas, ZDA (zapustite Saturn Lane v NASA Parkway), ☏ 1 281 483-0123, ✉[email protected]. Večino dni od 10.00 do 17.00, nekaj dni od 10. do 18. ure ali od 9.00 do 18.00, na spletnem mestu je več informacij. Nadzor misij za dejavnosti Space Shuttle in Mednarodne vesoljske postaje s sosednjim muzejem. V muzeju je galerija Starship, ki vključuje ukazni modul Apollo 17 in dotikljivo lunino skalo. Galerija Mednarodne vesoljske postaje ima interaktivne oddaje v živo in resnične artefakte ISS, galerija Mission Mars pa je interaktivna razstava o Marsu. Zunaj ima Independence Plaza model Space Shutla, v katerega lahko vstopite. V bližini je raketni park, ki je na voljo za osebne oglede. Odrasli (stari 12 let in več): 29,95 USD, otroci, stari od 4 do 11 let: 24,95 USD, otroci, stari 3 leta in manj: brezplačno, upokojenci: 27,95 USD. (posodobljeno april 2019)
• 38.4604-110.79194 Mars Desert Research Station, 2200 Krava gnojna cesta, Hanksville, Juta, ZDA (ob Utah State Route 24 tik pred Hanksvilleom), ☏ 1 303 984-9346, ✉[email protected]. Doživite, kako bi bilo živeti na Marsu. Kampus vključuje 6 stavb: dvonadstropni okrogli habitat s premerom 8,5 m, dve opazovalnici, GreenHab (laboratorij za gojenje poljščin), Science Dome (laboratorij in nadzorni center za celotno postajo) in RAMM (modul za popravilo in vzdrževanje). 750 USD na teden. (posodobljeno april 2019)
• 55.822537.63965 Spominski muzej kozmonavtike (Muzej kosmonavtikov, znan tudi kot Spominski muzej astronavtike ali Spominski muzej raziskovanja vesolja), 111 Prospekt Mira, 129223 Moskva, Rusija (tik ob podzemni postaji VDNKh), ☏ 7 495 683-79-14, ✉[email protected]. M zaprto, Tu, W, F, Sa 10: 00-19: 00, Čet, Ned 10: 00-21: 00. M, Tu zaprto, čet 11: 00-21: 00, vsi ostali dnevi 11: 00-19: 00 za spominsko hišo Sergeja Koroleva. Velik vesoljski muzej z več kot 98.000 predmeti o sovjetskem in ruskem raziskovanju vesolja, ki se nahaja znotraj dna spomenika osvajalcem vesolja. V notranjosti je raketa Soyuz in dvojnik prvega umetnega satelita. Ogledi so na voljo za rezervacije in so lahko v angleščini. Nedaleč od muzeja je spominska hiša Sergeja Koroleva, to je hiša, v kateri je nekoč živel Sergej Korolev, oblikovalec prvega umetnega satelita. Ta hiša je tudi muzej z več kot 13.000 predmeti o življenju Sergeja Koroleva. 250 rub za posamezne obiskovalce tako muzeja kot spominske hiše, 750 rub za družine z 2 odraslima in 2 otrokoma, starima 7-17 let, 2250 руб za oglede s skupinami manj kot 15 oseb. (posodobljeno julij 2019)
• 48.9482.4376 Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (Zračni in vesoljski muzej), Pariz, Francija (zapeljite se na linijo 7 Métro do La Courneuve in nato z avtobusno linijo 152 do Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, je zraven letališča Le Bourget), ☏ 33 1-49-92-70-00. Oktober-marec: tu-su 10: 00-17: 00; April-september: tu-ne 10: 00-18: 00. Eden najstarejših letalskih in vesoljskih muzejev na svetu, star več kot 100 let. V muzeju je 12 dvoran (razstav), od katerih je ena namenjena vesolju: La conquête spatiale. Obstaja veliko modelov raket in satelitov. Od štirih dejavnosti sta planetarij in Planète Pilote so povezane s prostorom. Planetarij ima velik zaslon v obliki kupole s 7.039 zvezdami in 20 globokimi vesoljskimi predmeti. Planète Pilote je namenjen otrokom od 6 do 12 let, lahko pa vstopijo starši in učitelji. Ima letalski in vesoljski del ter več kot 40 interaktivnih dejavnosti. Stalne razstave: brezplačno; dejavnosti za odrasle / mlajše od 26 let: 9/7 EUR za 1 aktivnost, 14/11 EUR za 2 osebi, 17/13 EUR za 3 osebe, 21/17 EUR za 4. Tu lahko uporabite Pariški muzejski prelaz.. (posodobljeno julij 2019)
• 38.8882-77.01967 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, 600 Independence Avenue SW, Washington DC, ZDA (v National Mall v bližini avtoceste Interstate 395, blizu postaje podzemne železnice L'Enfant Plaza), ☏ 1 202 633-2214. Vsak dan od 10. do 17.30. V tem muzeju so eksponati o letalstvu in trije o raziskovanju vesolja. Vesoljska dirka govori o vesoljski dirki in ima model vesoljskega teleskopa Hubble. Selitev onkraj Zemlje gre za sodobno raziskovanje vesolja. Vključuje predstavitvene faze in orjaške risbe Zemlje in ISS na steni. Končno, Raziskovanje vesolja govori o raziskovanju Osončja in vsebuje modele Voyager vesoljske sonde in Radovednost Marsovski rover. Vstop prost, parkiranje 15 USD. (posodobljeno april 2019)
• 34.7111-86.65368 Ameriški vesoljski in raketni center, 1 baza za mir, Huntsville, Alabama, ZDA (na izvozu 15 meddržavne 565), ☏ 1-800-637-7223. Vsak dan od 9.00 do 17.00. Vsebuje raketo Saturn V, ki ni bila nikoli izstreljena, vključuje pa tudi razstave o "Vesoljski dirki", programe, ki so vodili do obiska lune, in ISS. Obstajata planetarij in a National Geographic gledališče, na voljo je 6 različnih predstav. Zunaj muzeja so replike in testne enote za številna druga vesoljska vozila, vključno z replikama Space Shuttle v naravni velikosti in navpičnim Saturnom V. Zunaj so tudi vesoljski simulatorji, ki bi lahko izkusili, kako bi bilo, če bi bili v vesolju. Laboratorij Spark! Vsebuje veliko izzivov za oblikovanje, na katerih boste morali delati. Odrasli (stari 13 let ali več): 25 USD, otroci od 5 do 12 let: 17 USD, otroci, stari 4 leta in manj: brezplačno. (posodobljeno april 2019)

Na Zemlji: lansirna mesta in laboratoriji

• 45.964863.30519 Kozmodrom Baikonur (Космодром Байконур), Bajkonur, Kazahstan (pojdite proti severu skozi avenijo Korolev in na koncu ceste zavijte desno), ☏ 7(495)745 72 61, faks: 7(495)232 34 85, ✉[email protected]. Mesto izstrelitve rakete Sputnik 1 in Jurij Gagarin v Kazahstanu in do danes glavni Soyuz izstrelitveno mesto. Dolgo strogo prepovedana, zdaj pa odprta za omejen turizem. Številne turistične družbe vodijo ture do tu, vključno z ogledi Star City in ogledi kozmodroma Baikonur. Kozmodrom Baikonur in celotno mesto Baikonur je izven omejitev, razen če dobite posebno dovoljenje, ki ga običajno opravi vaše turistično podjetje. Ogledi Star City: ~ 1.687.000 tenge (3500 €) za redno turnejo, ~ 2.050.000 tenge (4800 €) za VIP turnejo; Ogledi kozmodroma Baikonur: ~ 1.153.000 tenge (2700 €) za redno turo, ~ 2.050.000 tenge (4800 €) za VIP turnejo. (posodobljeno april 2019)
• 34.2013-118.171410 Laboratorij za reaktivni pogon (JPL), 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, Kalifornija, ZDA (Pojdite proti severu skozi Oak Grove Drive in na koncu ceste zavijte desno), ☏ 1 818 354-9314, ✉[email protected]. Oblikovalci Radovednost Mars rover in Voyager vesoljske sonde, mesečno daje javna predavanja. Ture je treba rezervirati vsaj 3 tedne vnaprej in so dolge 2-2,5 ure. Za vstop v laboratorij potrebujete potni list / osebni dokument. prost.  
• 28.5811-80.652111 Komplet za obiskovalce vesoljskega centra Kennedy, Rt Canaveral, Florida, ZDA (pojdite na vzhod skozi državno cesto Florida 528 in zavijte levo na državno cesto Florida 3), ☏ 1 855 433-4210, brez cestnin: 1 866 737-5235. Dnevno od 9h do 18h ali od 9h do 19h; redko od 9.00 do 20.00; zaprto včasih za izstrelitvene dni. Ta zasedena turistična atrakcija ponuja muzeje, filme, raketni vrt in avtobusne oglede nekdanjih objektov za pripravo in izstrelitev prevoza. To je uradno zvezno spletno mesto - vendar kompleks obiskovalcev vodijo izvajalci zaradi dobička, zato so cene primerljive z zasebnimi turističnimi znamenitostmi in ne s tipičnim narodnim parkom. Osnovni vstop (enodnevna vstopnica) vključuje odličen ogled avtobusa (vključno z brezplačnim ogledom avtobusa Launch Complex 39 in Apollo / Saturn V Center), muzejev (vključno z razstavo, ki prikazuje Space Shuttle Atlantida) in filmi IMAX. Dodatne izlete ali programe je treba rezervirati vnaprej, saj se hitro prodajo. Rt Canaveral vključuje tudi Muzej vesoljskih in raketnih letal. Enodnevna vstopnica: odrasli (12) 57 USD, otroci (3-11) 47 USD. Na voljo popusti in druge vstopnice. Parkiranje 10 $.  
• 5.237222-52.76055612 Gvajanski vesoljski center (Center Prostorske Gvajane), Kourou, Francoska Gvajana, ☏ 594 37 77 77 (muzej in ogledi), 594 33 44 53 (izstrelitve raket), faks: 594 33 30 66 (muzej in ogledi), 594 33 31 22 (izstrelitve raket), ✉[email protected] (muzej in ogledi), [email protected] (izstrelitve raket)VEČ-E-POŠTA. Muzej: M-Sa 8:00 - 18:00. Izstrelišče Evropske vesoljske agencije v Francoski Gvajani z vesoljskim muzejem v bližini. Vesoljski muzej ima 2 nadstropji, ima 7 stalnih eksponatov in planetarij. Izstrelišče ponuja oglede dvakrat na dan, enega od 8.00 do 11.30 in enega od 13.00 do 30.30; te je treba rezervirati 48 ur vnaprej. Otroci, mlajši od 8 let, ne morejo na ogled. Izstrelitve raket si lahko ogledate na razdalji 7 km, 15 km ali 20 km. Otroci, mlajši od 8 let, ne morejo gledati izstrelkov, otroci med 8 in 16 let pa včasih ne smejo gledati izstrelkov raket. Muzej: odrasli (11) 7 € (4 € ob sobotah), otroci (3-10) 4 € (2,5 € ob sobotah), otroci do 3 leta brezplačno.  
• 35.0594-118.15213 Vesoljsko pristanišče Mojave, Letalska linija 1434, stavba 58, Mojave, Kalifornija, ZDA (zavijte levo do Airport Blvd. na avtocesti Mojave-Barstow), ☏ 1 661 824-2433, ✉[email protected]. Letalske nore sobote so tretjo soboto v mesecu. Prvo vesoljsko pristanišče s certifikatom FAA in dom zasebnega vesoljskega programa Scaled Composites. Ne ponuja ogledov, obstajajo pa letalske nore sobote, ki so odprte za javnost in vam omogočajo, da vidite, kakšna je vesoljska luka.  
• 48.08610811.27942814 Nadzorni center Columbus, Weßling (zunaj München), Nemčija. Uporablja se za nadzor Kolumb raziskovalni laboratorij Mednarodne vesoljske postaje, pa tudi zemeljski nadzorni center za satelitski navigacijski sistem Galileo. Odprto za javnost, odvisno od statusa misije.  
• 55.88138.11115 Zvezdno mesto (Звёздный городок), Moskovska oblast, Rusija (V mestnem okrožju Zvyozdny Gorodok Moskovske oblasti je obdano z gozdom). Prostor za usposabljanje kozmonavtov severovzhodno od Moskva. Lokacija tega mesta je bila v tajnosti do devetdesetih let, čeprav so mediji pogosto govorili o tem. V mestu je kip Jurija Gagarina. Približno 70% od 6000 prebivalcev ima zaposlitve, povezane s vesoljem. Mesto ima dva dela: stanovanjsko območje in Izobraževalni center Jurija Gagarina. Tu je prva in največja centrifuga na svetu, ki lahko povzroči do 20-kratno gravitacijo Zemlje. Obstaja tudi letališče za parabolične lete z "bruhanim kometom". Hydro Lab z napredno tehnologijo simulira breztežno okolje z velikim rezervoarjem vode. Na koncu obstaja veliko simulatorjev, ki se uporabljajo za usposabljanje različnih veščin.  
• 30.4130.9716 Vesoljski center Tanegashima (種子 島 宇宙 セ ン タ ー), Tanegashima, Japonska (Na jugu Tanegashime boste med vožnjo po glavni cesti Tanegashima videli znak proti centru), ☏ 81 997-26-2111 (izstrelišče), 81 997-26-9244 (vesoljski muzej), faks: 81 997-26-9245 (vesoljski muzej). Od 9. do 17.30 od julija do avgusta, od 9. do 17. ure ob drugih dneh; zaprto ob dnevih izstrelitve, 29. decembra do 1. januarja, in Mo-Tu po dolgem vikendu (vesoljski muzej). Japonsko glavno izstrelišče. Vesoljski muzej ima brezplačne razstave, brezplačni pa so tudi ogledi mesta izstrelitve. Za izstrelitvene dneve so nabito polne javne razgledne točke, toda izstrelitve raket lahko spremljate od koder koli zunaj 3 km (1,9 mi) od mesta izstrelitve. Obstaja model Kibō, japonski znanstveni modul za ISS, kamor lahko vstopite, in gledališče Rocket Launch Theatre v vesoljskem muzeju. Brezplačno (vesoljski muzej).  
• 51.8822128.332217 Kozmodrom Vostočni (Космодром Восточный, "Vzhodno vesoljsko pristanišče"), blizu Zilokovskiy, Amurska oblast, Rusija. Kozmodrom Vostochny, ki deluje od leta 2016, je bil zgrajen za zmanjšanje odvisnosti Rusije od Spletna stran Baikonur v Kazahstanu, saj je bil po razpadu Sovjetske zveze kozmodrom Bajkonur v drugi državi. 15 km od Transsibirska železnica, zagoni so zagotovo v vidni razdalji do vlakov potnikov, če vlak mine v pravem trenutku. Za turiste se še ni odprl.  

V vesolju

• Črno nebo: na 25 km (16 milj) nadmorske višine (kar je malo, da bi dosegel vesolje) se je z neba izteklo vse modro, daleč ste nad vremenskimi sistemi in vidite ukrivljenost zemeljskega površja. The stars become fixed points of light instead of twinkling: you'll see a rich field of them as you orbit the night side of Earth, but on the day side the glare of "earthshine" blanks out almost everything else. In Low Earth Orbit, sunrise and sunset flash by every 45 min; there's a brief red glow, but not the prolonged colors you see from the surface.
• Zemlja is a remarkable sight, with its whorls of weather systems, blue oceans, "phases" as you pass from day to its night side, and glowing nighttime cities. If you orbit the moon, as you pass around its far side you lose radio contact as well as sight of Earth, and suddenly feel very much alone in the universe. Then you come around the corner and with relief see earthrise. You don't see this from the lunar surface without moving, as the Earth holds a nearly fixed position in the lunar sky.
• The Northern and Southern Lights form at the edge of space, at an altitude of a few hundred kilometers, so from orbit they're seen far below you flickering across the Earth's night surface.

Ali

“	Earth is the cradle of humanity, but one cannot live in a cradle forever.	”
—Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, 1911

On Earth

• Space camp. NASA runs space camps at various locations in the US for children and teenagers with an interest in astronomy. 
• Ostani zdrav, physically and mentally. This is essential for your acceptance onto a flight, your wellbeing up there, and your re-adjustment to gravity and everyday society on return. With a well-controlled medical condition such as asthma or diabetes, or with advancing age, it is nowadays possible to undertake adventurous travel on earth. That's not yet possible for space but may become so in the years ahead.
• Be skeptical of commercial "astronaut training camps" that spring up from time to time. They're like screen-writing courses in Hollywood, they make their money from hundreds of wannabes while doing nothing to foster genuine talent. Only go on the basis that they won't get you closer to space but still look value-for-money as an experience. Be even more skeptical of "investment opportunities" and discount ticket sales on some unbuilt space vehicle, which might as well be powered by unicorns.
• Work: look at the websites of the space agencies to see what they're hiring, and consider what skills might get you into space. (No point getting hired just as a delivery driver unless you're Fry in Futurama.) Think ahead on how that job market might evolve: they'll probably need fewer pilots but more specialists. Solar panel maintenance, water extraction from Martian shale, who knows?

Microgravity and edge of space

Skakanje from a high place doesn't replicate microgravity: there's such an immediate onrush of air that your body behaves aerodynamically, albeit similar to a brick. You get slightly closer by jumping from a helicopter, since the air is blasting downwards from the rotor, and there's 2-3 seconds of "weightless" goofery before the usual airflow resumes. You get considerably closer by jumping from very high altitude into very thin air, so it might be most of a minute before you approach terminal velocity and lose the weightless sensation. Two 21st-century balloon jumps were from around 40 km altitude. This of course means expensive, complicated, bespoke systems to get you up there and keep you alive. You need to wear a spacesuit, and Orbital Outfitters was one company designing suits for such use, but they went bust in 2017.

The weightlessness experienced in orbit can be created by a parabolic aircraft flight, which alternates low g-forces for about 30 seconds at the top of its arcs with high g-forces at the bottom. These parabolic flights are notoriously nausea-inducing, leading to the nickname Vomit Comet, but commercial operators claim that their shorter flights (15 parabolas) are considerably gentler than research and training flights which involve 40-80.

• 27.3724-82.53271 Incredible Adventures, 1903 Northgate Blvd, Sarasota, Florida, ZDA (Go onto Northgate Blvd from US-301 (a.k.a Washington Blvd) and it's just a few houses until you're there), ☏ 1 941 346-2603, brez cestnin: 1 800 644-7382, ✉[email protected]. This company provides zero-g flights either from Moskva ali iz Florida. You can customize when do you want to fly in the Florida flights. In the Florida flights, your plane will go from Martian gravity (1/3 Earth gravity) to Lunar gravity (1/6 Earth gravity) and finally to zero-g; and the flight will make 10-12 maneuvers, with each maneuver lasting 10 seconds. In the Moscow flights, the flight will last for 1.5 to 2 hours but you'll only get to float for 5 minutes. The plane will depart from the Chkalovsky Airfield for Moscow and St Pete-Clearwater International Airport for Florida. Children under 18 years old are not allowed to go on either flight. $3,000 for Florida, unknown for Moscow (determined by the company). 
• Zero Gravity Corporation (ZERO-G), 4601 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 1200, Arlington, Virginia 22201, USA (go west on Fairfax Dr from the Ballston-MU metrorail station), ☏ 1 703 894-2188, brez cestnin: 1 888 664-7284, faks: 1 702 947-6343, ✉[email protected]. Offers flights from Las Vegas (Nevada), San Francisco (California), Orlando, Miami in Rt Canaveral (all Florida) on a modified Boeing 727 named "G-FORCE ONE" with a large compartment suitable for weightless tumbling. 15 parabolas will be flown, with several brief simulations of freefall, lunar gravity (1/6 Terran), and Martian gravity (1/3 Terran). There's about 8 minutes of freefall. After the flight ends, there will be a Regravitation Ceremony and you'll be handed out certificates and pre-flight photos. US$5,400 for 1 seat, US$55,000 for 12 seats, US$165,000 for private flight.  
• 53.07788.83132 Space Affairs, Bismarckstraße 72, 28203 Bremen, Nemčija (Go to the Dobbenweg bus station of Line 25 and then go east through Bismarckstraße), ☏ 41 44 500 50 10, 44 20 3179 3070, brez cestnin: 1 888 881-1893, faks: 1 661 843-1871, ✉[email protected]. Flights on Russian MiG-31 Foxhounds have ended, but flights on balloons named "BLOON" have not started yet, and commercial BLOON flights are expected to start in 2020. However, you can already book a flight as of August 2019. BLOON is a very safe and steady balloon and can ascend up to 36 km (22 mi). On the day before your flight, you will head over to southern Španija, where the BLOON launch site is located. That night, there will be some easy training and stargazing using telescopes. The next day, you must get up early for the flight, and the BLOON will ascend to about 36 km. See the curvature of the Earth! After 2 hours, the BLOON will descend, and you'll soon be back on Earth. €110,000 per flight. 
• 47.3732-8.52513 MiGFlug, Grüngasse 19, CH-8004 Zürich, Švica (First go to the Bezirksgebäude station of tram lines 2, 3 and 19 and bus line N14, and then go through Wyssgasse until you're at the end), ☏ 41 44 500 50 10, 44 20 3179 3070, brez cestnin: 1 888 881-1893, faks: 1 661 843-1871, ✉[email protected]. As of June 2020, this program is unavailable, but you can contact MiGFlug for them to put you on the waiting list. Offering supersonic flights with a Russian MiG-29 Fulcrum jet up to 22 km (14 mi), departing from Russia. The MiG-29 Fulcrum is not guaranteed to go that high, but 17 km (11 mi) up is guaranteed. The MiG-29 Fulcrum will be climbing up in a ballistic path at nearly Mach 2. The flight package also includes transportation between your hotel and the airbase, a medical checkup before the flight, flight training, flight certificate with max altitude, a visit to the airbase museum, and an optional HD video and photo service of you at the edge of space. Edge of space jet flight for 50 minutes: from €17,500/person.  

Space flight

Sub-orbital flight

This means flying higher than 100 km but not fast enough to achieve orbit, so you follow a ballistic curve like an ICBM. While no operators are offering sub-orbital flight, the privately funded and built SpaceShipOne in 2004 demonstrated that this is a possible market.

• Fotografirajte. You might not need to bring a camera if the spaceship's CCTV and external imaging is comprehensive.
• Virgin Galactic. Founded by who else but Richard Branson, Virgin Galactic is selling tickets for sub-orbital flights on SpaceShipTwo for US$250,000 a seat. Flights will go up to about 50,000 ft (15,000 m) and reach speeds of Mach 3, but while total flight time is 2.5 hours, weightlessness will only last for about 6 minutes. The company has placed an order for five second-generation spaceships from Scaled Composites, the builders of SpaceShipOne. Initial flights will take place from Mojave, California (US), but later flights will move to Spaceport America near Resnica ali posledice, New Mexico (US) and Kiruna, Švedska. Departures will first be weekly, and eventually climbing to once or twice daily. Three-day training will be available on site. A successful test flight was performed on 5 April 2018. US$250,000 per seat. (posodobljeno oktober 2019)

Orbital flight

This is the real deal. No one's going to accept that you were "in space" until you've gone into orbit. The minimum practical height for this is 350 km; otherwise, atmospheric drag will retard you and force you down. The 350-2,000 km region is known as Low Earth Orbit, and most artificial satellites are found in this range, including Russian Soyuz vessels, Chinese Shenzhou craft, and the ISS. For instance, the ISS at 400 km is near the bottom of this range, so its orbit continually decays, and it needs altitude-boosting every few years to stay up there. The price tag for a trip to this region starts at around US$40 million.

• Space Adventures, 8000 Towers Crescent Drive, Suite 1000, Vienna, Virginia, USA, brez cestnin: 1-888-85-SPACE (77223), ✉[email protected]. Space Adventures has organized orbital flights to the International Space Station (ISS), the only fully functioning space station in orbit. Around US$35 million per person will buy you basic training and a launch on a Soyuz vessel from Bajkonur or a Crew Dragon vessel from Florida to the ISS. Participants must also fulfill certain physical fitness requirements to ensure their and the mission's safety. The ISS was launched in 1998 and has a Russian half and an American half. It orbits the Earth once every 90 minutes, and 16 sunrises and sunsets can be seen from it every 24 hours. The ISS consists of 14 main modules including 4 labs, a utility hub, an airlock, and a life support module. 
• Vesolje aksioma, Houston, Teksas, ZDA. Axiom Space has planned to send to send three tourists to the ISS on October 2021. They have selected two tourists so far and the third is yet to be announced. They have also planned to construct a space hotel on the ISS in 2024. 
• Extravehicular activity (EVA), better known as space-walking, means exiting the spacecraft to float around in space. It's only realistic in orbit and beyond, as a suborbital flight is too brief. Space Adventures offer EVA, but there have been no takers yet: it costs US$20 million extra, requires an extra month of training, and has additional fitness qualifications.
• Do science since you're up there anyway — plan this with the organizers in advance, and assume it must involve zero extra weight. Tourists on scientific missions may be able to contribute, at the very least by being the subject of medical observations.
• Private firm SpaceX transports astronauts to the International Space Station, and Boeing plans to as well. Russian Soyuz spacecraft had exclusively filled this gap since the 2011 end of the U.S. Space Shuttle program until 2020 when a SpaceX rocket with astronaut passengers bound for the ISS launched from Florida. NASA plans to allow tourists to stay on the ISS, charging $35,000 per night. The expensive part will be getting there: round-trip fare to the ISS by Boeing or SpaceX is estimated at $60 million.
• China is testing out the technology for space stations and is planning to launch a complete modular space station like the ISS by 2022.
• Boeing. Boeing announced the CST-100 Starliner, an orbital capsule capable of orbital flight with up to 7 passengers at "competitive prices". (updated Nov 2020)

Trans-orbital flight

Leaving the endless loop around Earth to journey elsewhere in the Solar System and beyond. Nobody has gone that far since the Apollo 17 flew the last lunar mission in 1972, nearly fifty years ago. There are no government-backed projects to return people to the Moon or to reach Mars, though work continues on the massive challenges such as self-sufficient habitats. Commercial or private proposals are wildly speculative.

• SpaceX is planning a tourist flight around the Moon for Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa, who wants to invite a group of artists to come with him. The trip is planned for 2023, but the company has a history of making ambitious plans and then delaying or canceling them.

Jej

Although space food has come a long way in terms of appeal and variety, the quality and flavor are still not up to standards of most connoisseurs of fine cuisine. Your transportation provider may offer some choice in the foods available, but you will be limited by their willingness to indulge you.

The freeze-dried "astronaut ice cream" sometimes sold on Earth as a novelty item is a misnomer; it has never actually been served on any manned space mission, and the texture is as off-putting to astronauts as it is to everyone else. However, real ice cream has occasionally been eaten in space by astronauts aboard Skylab, the Space Shuttle, and the International Space Station (usually when frozen components for scientific experiments are being sent up and there's some space remaining).

Real space food has to be carefully tested to make sure it's nutritionally balanced, je lahko stored for months without refrigeration, and is suitable for a zero-gravity environment. Food that would leave crumbs, for example, is problematic. The menu on the ISS generally consists of American and Russian staples along with other meals and international cuisines that have been requested and developed. Food packaged in Russian cans is generally the best quality-wise but is also the heaviest, so only a limited number of these are allowed. Most food is in plastic pouches; some of these are ready-to-eat after optionally being reheated (a variety of main and side dishes, as well as snacks like granola bars and candies) while many others are dehydrated and must be reconstituted with water (such as borscht, spaghetti with meat sauce, or cereal with powdered milk). Fresh foods like fruit are a treat sent on resupply missions; they must be eaten within two days before they spoil. While most plants grown in space have been for research, astronauts have eaten small amounts of several types of leafy greens that they have grown.

As the fixed menu repeats every 16 days on an extended stay, you'll soon grow tired of the monotony. Astronauts get personal containers in which they can select items not on the fixed menu as well as extras of favorites. Besides standard condiments (liquid salt solution, pepper oil, and ordinary fast-food packets of ketchup, mustard, mayo, etc.), astronauts bring extras like hot sauces, pesto, horseradish, and more. You can also try combining foods to make new dishes; one astronaut wrote, "I cannot think of anything that cannot be put on a tortilla, or has not been put on a tortilla."

Unfortunately, even with extensive research and development, astronauts find much food in space to be bland and often don't have much of an appetite. In zero-gravity, fluid in your body distributes evenly instead of being pulled to your feet, resulting in a permanent stuffy head that dulls your sense of smell and taste. Space travelers have typically preferred strongly-flavored and spicy foods; beef jerky is a particular favorite. (Similar but weaker phenomena can be observed with airline food, in that case due to the dry low-pressure atmosphere.) Nevertheless, you must eat to maintain energy and body mass. Among many other rules for eating in space, one is key: once you open a package of food, you must eat all of it. Leftover food will rot and become a biohazard, and there's no way to dispose of it.

Pijte

Contrary to popular belief, Tang was invented shortly prej the U.S. space program, although its popularity soared when NASA used it on Mercury and Gemini missions.

Water tends to be scarce (as it is heavy and must be brought from Earth at great expense), so ISS machinery recycles water aggressively. Scientific wastewater, humidity, and even urine are all recovered and sanitized. Astronauts don't mind the taste of the recycled water, which is actually purer than drinking water on Earth. And as one astronaut points out, the same kind of recycling happens naturally on Earth, too, just over a much longer timescale.

Like space food, space drinks are mainly freeze-dried and packaged in plastic pouches. Coffee, tea, and a variety of fruit drinks are available; they're drunk with a straw, and you have to be careful to always "close" the straw between sips so liquid doesn't get accidentally squirted inside the vehicle.

Since 2015 the ISS has had a machine that can make fresh espresso in addition to other hot drinks. It's used with a special cup that has a narrow spout; surface tension causes water-based liquids to climb the spout, from which you can sip it like you would on Earth. However, in zero-gravity, the crema foam is distributed throughout the espresso instead of floating to the top.

Carbonated beverages aren't allowed because the bubbles don't rise in zero-gravity, leading to very unpleasant "wet burps". Alcohol has been consumed on a few flights in the past (mainly by Russian crews), but are prohibited on the ISS as it would interfere with the environmental systems, not to mention the potential danger for fire or crew impairment.

Spi

While sleeping in zero gravity may sound relaxing, the overall experience is mediocre. Maintaining your circadian rhythm is difficult on a craft that experiences a sunrise and sunset every 90 minutes, and schedule disruptions due to mission planning and long workdays create further problems. On the ISS, astronauts each have a cabin about the size of a shower stall. Inside this, they zip themselves into a sleeping bag on the wall. Constant noise from the station is annoying, and astronauts are often cold because of the strong ventilation, which is needed to push away the carbon dioxide they exhale and replace it with oxygen.

• 36.2107-115.16731 Bigelow Aerospace, 1899 W Brooks Ave, Las Vegas NV 89032, ☏ 1 702 639-4440. They built the first successful prototype of an inflatable space hotel in 2006-2007. In 2016, a prototype was delivered to the ISS on a SpaceX rocket to undergoing testing, but otherwise it will remain unoccupied. A 10–60 day "live and work visit", once available, is expected to cost between $26–37 million.  

Ostani varen

While more mature technology has made it safer than it was in the 1960s, space remains an inherently dangerous environment to put yourself in. Cosmic radiation, extreme temperatures, micrometeorites, engineering mistakes, high speeds, explosive fuels, space debris, the distance to terra firma, and the lack of atmosphere make kaj unplanned situation potentially life-threatening. Spacecraft launch testing is extremely expensive, so spacecraft don't and can't have thousands of flight hours. By the standards of aviation, vsak space flight is a test flight.

Oboje kosilo (our only method of getting to space is to sit on a huge fuel-filled container and hope it behaves like a rocket and not a bomb) and reentry (if you hit it in the wrong angle you burn up in or bounce off the atmosphere) have thus far proven to be the biggest dangers during a mission. So far most accidents have been during launch and reentry as well as during training and testing; only three humans have died in space (albeit during preparations for reentry), but there have been several close calls such as Apollo 13 or the very first spacewalk. Some of the technological problems and close calls only became known to the public decades after they happened, so there may still be dangers you won't even know you are facing.

Voyagers should be wary of purchasing space flights on projects that haven't yet begun. Many ventures are highly speculative; PanAm's “First Moon Flights” Club issued over 93,000 waiting list spots between 1968-1971 and predicted launch dates for many subsequent commercial expeditions have slipped just as dramatically. If there are complications with the project or the company goes under, you might lose your money and your plans. Just look at the bold predictions of some private space companies that have already proven to be less permanent than a shooting star.

Ostani zdrav

Astronaut training is fizično zahteven, so good physical fitness is a good starting point. Similar physical and mental stresses are present in particularly demanding types of military service, piloting fighter aircraft, mountain climbing, Antarctic expeditions, and advanced scuba diving such as cave diving. National astronaut programs often require athlete-like physical fitness in experience from these or comparable tasks. There are no hospitals in space and rescue is difficult or impossible, so people with conditions that might require immediate medical treatment are not qualified for space travel.

Although early astronauts hid the truth to protect their tough-guy image, we now know that about half of all travelers experience space sickness, a condition related to motion sickness with similar symptoms including vomiting and vertigo. Most people adapt within 3 days, and medicinal anti-nausea patches help with the symptoms.

Moraš vadba to stay healthy in zero gravity. Even so, you'll still lose both bone and muscle mass. Astronauts on extended stays are required to exercise at least 2.5 hours every single day. While exercise helps diminish the problem somewhat, a long stay will still see you weakened, and several cosmonauts and astronauts had difficulty getting out of their capsule and onto their own feet upon landing.

Another concern is cosmic radiation. While you are exposed to a certain level of background radiation at all times, it gets higher in certain areas on earth and once you leave the protective layers of the atmosphere. This is already notable on a commercial transatlantic flight at 10,000 m, and only gets worse if you go up to the International Space Station (ISS) at 400 km above the Earth's surface. While the ISS still enjoys some limited protection against radiation, once you go well beyond that height, or even to the moon, there are short term and long term risks associated with radiation that only get worse the longer you stay. Particularly dangerous are solar storms that may give you a year's worth of radiation in just a couple of hours. Shielding against radiation is also one of the major problems in ever sending humans to Mars, as all known solutions involve huge amounts of extra weight for the spacecraft or too high a risk to the crew.

Spopadite se

Oblačila in space actually don't get dirty very quickly, due to a variety of environmental factors. Wearing the same underwear 3-4 days in a row is no big deal! However, there's no practical way to wash clothes in space; astronauts get fresh clothes from resupply missions, and the dirty ones are discarded as trash (which is incinerated by sending it into Earth's atmosphere).

Although a shower was tested on Skylab with mixed feedback from astronauts, it was large and cumbersome, and hasn't been used again. Astronauts take sponge baths using liquid soap, water, and rinseless shampoo. Washing of hands (and cutlery) is similarly done with napkins and washcloths.

Nekateri stranišča in space come in different shapes, but they usually operate on similar principles. They generally have a funnel-like receptacle for urine and a larger bowl for solid waste, both using suction to capture the material and any odors. You have to hold on or strap in, of course, and there are procedures to follow for operating the toilet and cleaning up afterwards. The degree of privacy depends on the craft; stations have enclosed cabins (as did the Space Shuttle), but in smaller craft it may be merely tucked away in a corner, hidden behind a curtain, or is in the open and you have to ask your fellow passengers to face the other way. On short missions, many astronauts prefer to simply avoid using the toilet, relying on enemas before launch and low-fiber diets.

Duševno zdravje in space is paramount. You're stuck with a small number of people in very cramped quarters for weeks at a time, or months for permanent crew on the ISS. While short missions may be different, astronauts on the ISS do get weekends and a few holidays off. They have a projector for watching select TV shows and movies (sometimes before they play in theaters), and laptops for surfing the internet and talking to family. They bring their favorite hobbies with them, and the ISS now has an assortment of musical instruments on board.

Verske službe

Although sticking to the traditional rituals and schedules can be difficult, religion has been actively practiced in space, both privately and publicly. Upon seeing Earth from outer space, quite a few visitors to space have experienced a shift in their awareness, dubbed the "overview effect", becoming much more aware of how fragile and isolated life on Earth is compared to the vastness of the universe.

Christians have celebrated Communion in space, including Buzz Aldrin from the surface of the Moon during Apollo 11 (the chalice that was used is on display at his home church in Webster, Texas) and several astronauts on the ISS. Christmas is celebrated every year on the ISS (sometimes more than once, due to differences between the Julian calendar used by the Russian Orthodox Church and the Gregorian calendar) and includes a small artificial Christmas tree, Christmas dinner, and sometimes presents for the crew.

Islam has been practiced in space, and there are guidelines for how to pray in space (which address kneeling, facing Mecca, and washing) as well as how to time prayers and fasts for a 24-hour day when experiencing a sunrise and sunset every 90 minutes (generally based on the point of departure from land). It may be difficult or impossible to verify whether food is halal, in which case one should eat just enough to ward off hunger. There is a fatwa forbidding devout Muslims from participating in missions to Mars, as the risk to life is considered too great.

Judaism has also been practiced in space, and there are similar guidelines for observing Shabbat (also based on the point of departure from land) and orienting oneself while praying. Some adaptations may be needed to affix a mezuzah or wear a prayer shawl. Keeping kosher is possible with appropriate selection of meals, and there is already personal time allocated in schedules which could be used to study the Torah. However, properly observing tzniut (modesty) in mixed-gender crews might be impossible as that would require separate showers and toilets for men and women, which no vessel has (as of 2020). The danger to one's life should also be weighed carefully.

No matter your religion, if in doubt of the rules, check with an appropriate religious authority. If possible, do so several months or years in advance so leaders have enough time to consider the implications and determine the answers.

Pojdi naprej

What goes up must come down—at least for now.

Once you've exhausted the Luna, there are countless opportunities for exploration and discovery down on the surface, in places such as Afriko, Azija, Evropi, Severna Amerika, Južna Amerika, Avstralija, Antarktika, and countless islands vmes.

Vesoljski turizem