Rusija - Russia

Rusija (Rusko: Россия, Rossiya) je daleč največja država na svetu, ki zajema več kot osmino naseljenega kopenskega območja Vzhodna Evropa in severni Azija, pa tudi enajst časovnih pasov. Medtem ko je večina ruskega prebivalstva geografsko večinoma v Aziji, je v evropskem delu koncentrirana, v kulturnem smislu pa je Rusija nedvomno evropska. Večji del azijskega dela pa ima več skupnega s Kazahstanom, Mongolijo ali severovzhodno Kitajsko kot z vzhodno Evropo. Rusija se ponaša z bogato zgodovino in kulturo.

Regije

Ruske regije - barvno kodiran zemljevid
 Srednja Rusija (Moskva, Ivanovo Oblast, Kaluška oblast, Kostromska oblast, Moskovska oblast, Rjazanska oblast, Smolenska oblast, Tverska oblast, Tulska oblast, Vladimir Oblast, Jaroslavska oblast)
Eno od zgodovinskih središč ruske kulture, v katerem prevladujejo spektakularna arhitektura in zgodovinske stavbe, pa tudi glavno mesto, Moskva.
 Černozemje (Belgorodska oblast, Brjanska oblast, Kurska oblast, Lipetska oblast, Orjolska oblast, Tambovska oblast, Voronješka oblast)
Južno od Srednja Rusija in slovi po bogati, globoki, črni zemlji (Černozem je rusko za "črno zemljo"), je bilo med drugo svetovno vojno pomembno bojišče.
 Severozahodna Rusija (Saint Petersburg, Arhangelska oblast, Karelia, Republika Komi, Leningradska oblast, Murmanska oblast, Nenetsia, Novgorodska oblast, Pskovska oblast, Vologdska oblast)
Dom nekdanje cesarske prestolnice Saint Petersburg, znan tudi kot "severna prestolnica". Združuje čudovito pokrajino velikih jezer Ladoga in Onega ter srednjeveške utrdbe Pskovska oblast, z jezerskim območjem Kareliain je prehod iz Skandinavije.
 Kalinjingradska oblast (pogosto velja za del Severozahodna Rusija)
Zgodovinsko nemška regija Vzhodna Prusija, prenesena v Ljubljano ZSSR po porazu Nemčije v Ljubljani druga svetovna vojna, in zdaj edina eksklavacija Rusije, ki Rusiji omogoča delitev meja z Poljska in Litva.
 Južna Rusija (Adygea, Čečenija, Krim, Dagestan, Ingušetija, Kabardino-Balkaria, Kalmikija, Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodarska pokrajina, Severna Osetija, Rostovska oblast, Stavropoljski kraj)
Območja ob Črnem morju so najtoplejša v celotni državi, z lepimi letoviškimi mesti, kot je subtropsko Soči, v primerjavi s hladnimi, gorskimi in nemirnimi republikami Severni Kavkaz.
 Povolžje (Astrakhan Oblast, Čuvašija, Kirovska oblast, Mari El, Mordovia, Nižnjenovgorodska oblast, Penzenska oblast, Samarska oblast, Saratovska oblast, Tatarstan, Udmurtija, Uljanovska oblast, Volgogradska oblast)
Najbolj industrializirana regija v državi, znana po proizvodnji obsežne vojaške opreme v mestih, kot je Iževsk, z bogato kulturo in zgodovino, vključno s tatarsko prestolnico in "tretjo prestolnico Rusije", Kazan
 Uralska regija (Baškortostan, Čeljabinska oblast, Khantia-Mansia, Kurganska oblast, Orenburška oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovska oblast, Tjumenska oblast, Yamalia)
Ena najbogatejših regij, znana po tem, da danes daje številne vire, ki jih Rusija potrebuje. Poimenovan po prostranih uralskih gorah, ki tvorijo tudi mejo med Evropo in Azijo.
 Sibirija (Altajska pokrajina, Republika Altaj, Burjatija, Evenkia, Irkutska oblast, Kemerovska oblast, Kakasija, Krasnojarsk, Novosibirska oblast, Omska oblast, Taymyria, Tomsk, Tuva, Zabajkalski kraj)
Največje območje v državi - raznoliko v pokrajini in letnih temperaturah z osupljivimi Bajkalsko jezero, najdaljše reke na svetu in močvirja v središču in na severu. V tej regiji je veliko turških, mongolskih, tunizijskih in drugih etničnih skupin, ki jasno ločujejo Sibirijo od evropske Rusije.
 Ruski Daljni vzhod (Amurska oblast, Čukotka, Judovska avtonomna oblast, Kamčatska pokrajina, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadanska oblast, Primorski kraj, Sahalinska oblast, Yakutia)
Ena najhladnejših regij v Rusiji, kjer je najhladnejše mesto na svetu, Jakutsk. Svetovno znan po narodnih parkih, čudoviti pokrajini in gorah ter vulkanih Kamčatka. Tudi prehod v Severna Koreja in Kitajska.

Mesta

Tu je reprezentativen vzorec devetih ruskih mest z njihovimi angliziranimi in ruskimi cirilskimi imeni:

Muzej Ermitaž v Ljubljani Saint Petersburg
  • 1 Moskva (Москва) - Ruska velikanski glavno mesto je eno največjih svetovnih mest in ponuja neskončne zanimivosti, ki jih lahko ponudijo pustolovskemu obiskovalcu
  • 2 Irkutsk (Иркутск) - najljubše sibirsko mesto na svetu, ki se nahaja v eni uri od Bajkalsko jezero na Transsibirska železnica
  • 3 Kazan (Казань) - glavno mesto tatarske kulture je privlačno mesto v osrčju Ljubljane Povolžje z impresivnim kremljem
  • 4 Nižni Novgorod (Нижний Новгород) - Nižnji Novgorod je pogosto spregledan, čeprav je eno največjih mest v Rusiji, vreden ogleda Kremlja, muzeja Saharov in bližnjega samostana Makaryev
  • 5 Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg) - v ruski kulturni in nekdanji politični prestolnici Leningrad je dom Ermitaža, enega najboljših svetovnih muzejev, medtem ko je središče mesta samostojni živi muzej na prostem, zaradi česar je to mesto eno od najboljših svetovnih turističnih destinacij
  • 6 Soči (Сочи) - Priljubljeno rusko letovišče na Črnem morju tujcem v glavnem ni bilo znano, dokler ni gostilo zimskih olimpijskih iger 2014
  • 7 Vladivostok (Владивосток) - pogosto imenovano "rusko San Francisco, "polno gričevnatih ulic in bojnih ladij. Glavno rusko pacifiško mesto je končni kraj Transsibirska avtocesta in Transsibirska železnica
  • 8 Volgograd (Волгоград) - prej imenovano Stalingrad, je bilo mesto morda odločilne bitke druge svetovne vojne, zdaj pa je dom zelo veliko vojni spomenik
  • 9 Jekaterinburg (Екатеринбург) - središče regije Ural in eno glavnih ruskih kulturnih središč je dober postanek na Transsibirska železnica in mesto prihoda za obiskovalce Ural, drugo rusko finančno središče

Druge destinacije

Bajkalsko jezero, najgloblje jezero na svetu
  • 1 Meja Evrope in Azije - v bližini je jasno določeno Jekaterinburgin zelo priljubljen postanek za fotografije, ki se raztezajo po celinah!
  • 2 Dombai - čeprav danes ni tako mednarodno znano niti dobro urejeno, je to najlepše gorsko letovišče v regiji Severni Kavkaz
  • 3 Zlati prstan - priljubljena zanka lepih zgodovinskih mest, ki tvorijo obroč severovzhodno od Moskva
  • 4 Kamčatka - območje aktivnih vulkanov, gejzirjev, mineralnih vrelcev in medvedov, ki se sprehajajo po ulicah.
  • 5 Kizhi - eno najdragocenejših najdišč v vsej Rusiji, otok Kizhi na Oneškem jezeru slovi po spektakularnem ansamblu tradicionalnih lesenih cerkva
  • 6 Deviški gozdovi Komi - globoko oddaljeno in težko obiskljivo, vendar je to daleč največje evropsko prostoživeče območje z največjim evropskim narodnim parkom, Yugyd Va
  • 7 Bajkalsko jezero - "Sibirski biser" je najgloblje in največje jezero na svetu in izjemna destinacija za vse, ki imajo radi na prostem
  • 8 Mamaev Kurgan - masiven spomenik in muzej na bojnem polju in okoli njega, na katerem se je odigrala najpomembnejša bitka dvajsetega stoletja: Staljingrad
  • 9 Solovetski otoki - daleč na severu v Belem morju in dom čudovitega samostana Solovetsky, ki je bil skozi svojo vihravo zgodovino hkrati vojaška utrdba in gulag
  • Kavkaški dolmeni - starodavne zgradbe neznanega namena, ki se nahajajo marsikje po vsem Kavkazu, lahko najdemo tudi v bližini Velikega Sočija. Na primer, vodniki v kraju Lazarevskoe (regija Velikega Sočija) vam lahko pokažejo velike kamnite dolmene v lokalnih gozdovih. (Domačini v zameno za plačilo pokažejo majhne dolmene, ki pa so večinoma ponarejeni in izdelani iz betona)

Razumeti

LocationRussia.png
KapitalMoskva
ValutaRuski rubelj (RUB)
Prebivalstvo146,8 milijona (2017)
Elektrika220 voltov / 50 hercev (Schuko, Europlug)
Koda države 7
Časovni pasUTC 02:00
Nujne primere112, 7-01 (gasilska služba), 02 (policija), 7-03 (nujna medicinska pomoč), 101 (gasilska enota), 102 (policija), 103 (nujna medicinska pomoč)
Vozna stranprav
uredi na Wikidata

Rusije po pameti ni mogoče razumeti,
Niti merite s skupnim merilom.
Od sebe ima edinstveno zgradbo:
V Rusiji samo verjamete.

«Umom Rossiju ne pojmi,
Arhinom skupnosti ne izmeri:
У ней особен член -
В Россию можно только верить.»,
Fjodor Tjutčev, 1866

Zgodovina

Cesarska sila

Poglej tudi: Rusko cesarstvo, Manjšinske kulture Rusije

Rusko identiteto lahko izsledimo v srednjem veku, njenem prvem stanju, znanem kot Kijevski Rus in njegova religija sta izvirali iz bizantinskega krščanstva (tj. Grško pravoslavne v nasprotju z latinsko katoliško), ki je bila sprejeta iz Konstantinopel. Vendar ni veljal za del osrednje Evrope do vladavine carja Petra Velikega, ki je vladal do leta 1725. Bil je predan evrofil in prvi car, ki je obiskal "samo Evropo", saj je med vajami obiskal več evropskih držav kot vajenec pred njegovim prihodom na oblast (spominski spomeniki so mu na Greenwich in nekaj mest v Nizozemska, kjer je na kratko bival).

Peter je Rusko cesarstvo ustanovil leta 1721, čeprav je bila dinastija Romanovih na oblasti že od leta 1613. Peter je eden najbolj karizmatičnih in najmočnejših voditeljev temelje imperija postavil na centralizirano in avtoritarno politično kulturo in prisilno "zahodnjavanje" naroda. Kot del tega prizadevanja je prestolnico preselil iz srednjeveškega in otoškega mesta Moskve v Sankt Peterburg, mesto, zgrajeno s silo njegove volje in moči njegove zakladnice. Zgledovan predvsem na francoski in italijanski slog, je Sankt Peterburg postal znan kot rusko "Okno na zahodu" in je sprejel manire in slog kraljevskih dvorov zahodne Evrope do te mere, da je francoščino sprejel kot svoj najljubši jezik.

Ruski imperij je svoj vrhunec dosegel konec 18. in v začetku 19. stoletja, ustvaril je številne pisane in razsvetljene figure, kot so Katarina Velika, Dostojevski in Tolstoj. Kljub temu je prepad med avtoritarno dinastijo in njenimi podložniki postajal bolj očiten z vsako generacijo. Medtem ko se je Rusija že v Veliki severni vojni (1700–1721) in sedemletni vojni (1756–1763) izkazala za vsaj enako velikem velesilam, je šele ob nesrečni invaziji Napoleona preostala Evropa je ugotovila, da se je Rusija enakovredno s Francijo, Prusijo ali Avstrijo povzpela na veliko silo. Vendar delno zaradi ultra-avtoritarne reakcionarne vlade to stališče moči ni trajalo dolgo. Konec 19. stoletja so politične krize sledile hitro zaporedoma, upor in zatiranje pa so zaklenili začaran krog smrti in obupa. Občasni poskusi Romanovih in privilegiranih slojev, da so reformirali družbo in izboljšali stanje podrazredov, so se vedno končali neuspešno. Morda je k temu pripomoglo tudi to, da je (razmeroma) liberalnega in reformističnega »car-osvoboditelja« Aleksandra II. Anarhist zaradi njegovih težav leta 1881 umoril. Po njegovi smrti so bili njegovi nasledniki še manj pripravljeni na reforme. Da bi stvari še poslabšale, se je Rusija v zunanji politiki izkazala za nesrečo in tako krimska kot rusko-japonska vojna sta se vojno, a še bolj politično izkazali za katastrofalno. Revolucijo leta 1905 - zadnjo, ki bi jo lahko bolj ali manj zatrli -, je deloma povzročila očitna "ne-entiteta" (vsaj v evropskih očeh) Japonske, ki je poniževala rusko vojsko.

Vstopila je Rusija Prva svetovna vojna na strani Britanije in Francije, ki naj bi branila Srbijo, tako kot druga evropska cesarstva s katastrofalnimi rezultati zase. Car Nikolaj II. In njegova žena, vnukinja kraljice Viktorije, sta se izkazala za nepremišljena, šibka in motena zaradi osebnih tragedij (kot je hemofilija navideznega dediča) in vojnih bremen. Medtem ko se je sprva ruska vojska izkazala za močnejšo, kot je predvidevala Nemčija, in ji grozila, da bo z zmagami na vzhodu izničila napredek Nemčije na zahodni fronti, se je po ruskem porazu pri Tannebergu plima obrnila in do leta 1917 moralo postalo brezno, dezerterstvo in splošni poziv k miru vseprisotni.

Vlada se je izkazala, da ne more zadržati ruske revolucije leta 1917 (meščanske februarja in leninistične oktobra). Medtem ko je kratkotrajna začasna vlada, ki je bila posledica revolucije februarja 1917, zaman poskušala nadaljevati boj (delno na prigovarjanje Francozov in Britancev, ker so se bali, da bi jih vojske, ki so bile angažirane proti Rusiji, prevzele), so boljševiki pod njihovim vodjem Vladimirjem Iljičem " Lenin "Uljanov je hitro obljubil kruh, mir in konec nepravične razdelitve zemlje in bogastva. Mnogi ljudje so verjeli Leninovim obljubam in do oktobra 1917 so komunistični boljševiki prevzeli Moskvo in Sankt Peterburg (imenovan Petrograd in kmalu preimenovan v Leningrad) in s tem učinkovit nadzor nad vlado. Odstavljeni in pridržani v hišnem priporu so Nicholasa, Aleksandro in njihove otroke - in z njimi tudi dinastijo Romanov - po naročilu nove vlade pod Leninom ubili s streli v kleti Jekaterinburg dvorec in pokopan v neoznačenih grobovih, ki so jih našli po padcu komunizma in jih pokopali v katedrali sv. Pavla in Petra leta Saint Petersburg.

Sedež komunizma

Poglej tudi: Sovjetska zveza
Največji Lenin na svetu Ulan Ude

Prva svetovna vojna je vladne in socialne institucije cesarske Rusije do preloma revolucije leta 1917. Po kratki začasni vladi, ki jo je vodil socialdemokrat Aleksander Kerenski, je boljševiška frakcija (poimenovana po ruskem "bolshoi" velikanu, ker je bila frakcija večina v eni notranji odločitev, čeprav na splošno v manjšini) komunistične partije pod marksističnim Vladimirjem Leninom prevzela oblast, umaknila Rusijo iz vojne in sprožila čiščenje klerikov, političnih disidentov, aristokratov, meščanstva in kulaškega razreda premožnih samostojnih kmetov in posestnikov. Brutalna državljanska vojna med "Rdečo armado" komunističnega vodstva in "Belo armado" plemstva in srednjega sloja je trajala do konca leta 1920. V državljanski vojni so tako rdeči kot belci (in druge, manjše frakcije) zagrešili vojne zločine. in državo opustošila precej dlje, kot je trpela v prvi svetovni vojni. V letih na oblasti je Lenin uporabil Rdečo armado (ki jo je v majhnem delu organiziral in zgradil Lev Trocki, za katerega so mnogi menili, da je njegov imenovani naslednik), notranji varnostni aparat in vodstvo komunistične partije, da je ubil zapor ali izgnal milijone političnih nasprotnikov, sprožijo teroristično kampanjo, da bi zavarovali strogo komunistično pravoverje, zagotovili nadzor nad drobci starega cesarstva Romanov in "kolektivizirali" kmete in kmetovanje v velikanske državne kmetije.

Revolucionarni državi niso neposredno vladali uradniki, ki so imeli titularni nadzor nad vlado, ki je bila ustanovljena v imenu Zveze sovjetskih socialističnih republik (ZSSR). Vlada v splošno razumljenem smislu je bila v letih komunističnega nadzora v veliki meri nepomembna tako v resnici kot v komunistični teoriji. Resnična moč je bila v vodstvu Komunistične partije, Rdeče armade in notranjega varnostnega aparata (tajna policija).

Balet je še naprej naklonjen. Labodje jezero v Rusiji izvajajo skoraj vsak teden.

Po smrti premierja Vladimirja Lenina leta 1924 je sledil boj za moč med boljševiškim vodstvom, ko je Josef Stalin postal novi vodja komunistične partije in diktator ZSSR. Medtem ko bi Lenin skoraj zagotovo želel, da bi ga nasledil Trocki, je Stalin šel tako daleč, da se je vstavil v slike z Leninom in odstranil druge, da bi se njegova zahteva po oblasti zdela "legitimna". Stalinovo brutalno vladavino (1928–53) so zaznamovali valovi "čistk", v katerih so bili osumljeni nezadovoljniki v vladi, stranki, Rdeči armadi in celo varnostnih silah skoraj ali brez usmrčeni ali izgnani v gulage (zaporniška taborišča). dokazi. Poleg Leninove prisilne kolektivizacije kmetijstva in njegovega uničenja zasebne lastnine ter ekonomske svobode je Stalin uvedel neusmiljen gospodarski sistem ("socializem v eni državi"), ki je hitro industrializiral ZSSR. Medtem ko je bilo število smrtnih žrtev grozljivo, je Stalinovemu prvemu petletnemu načrtu uspelo ustvariti težko industrijo skoraj iz nič, kar je bilo odločilno v drugi svetovni vojni. Poznejši "Veliki preskok" Mao Zedonga na Kitajskem je bil oblikovan po Stalinovem načrtu s še večjim številom smrtnih žrtev in manj merljivim gospodarskim uspehom. Stalinovi tekmeci, ki so nasledili Lenina, in kritiki, ki so se pojavljali po tem, so običajno postali žrtve čiščenja. Čeprav ga je Stalin videl kot manjšega idealista kot svojega predhodnika, je neusmiljeno nadaljeval mednarodno revolucijo z nadzorom ruske kominterne nad komunističnimi strankami tujih držav in s tujim vohunjenjem. Če želite dobiti idejo o Stalinovi vladavini, Živalska farma in 1984 George Orwell so v veliki meri temeljili na njegovem razočaranju nad komunizmom, potem ko je slišal za Stalinova grozodejstva.

druga svetovna vojna, s sovjetske perspektive, se je začelo s Stalinom, ki je nenadoma sklenil pakt o nenapadanju z nacistično Nemčijo. Pogodba, ki je zahodne vlade močno pretresla in osupnila levico v Evropi in Ameriki, je Hitlerju zagotovila proste roke za začetek vojne proti Poljski, Franciji in Združenemu kraljestvu. Pakt je tudi ZSSR dopustil, da napadne in osvoji nevtralno Finsko ter prevzame celotno vzhodno Poljsko po nemški invaziji leta 1939. Končno, junija 1941, ko je osvojil Francijo in večino preostale zahodne Evrope, se je Hitler obrnil na svojega nekdanjega zaveznika in napadel ZSSR. Sprememba nujnega zavezništva z zahodnimi narodi je bila ključnega pomena za poraz nacizma leta 1945. Krvave kampanje Rdeče armade na vzhodni fronti ter morilske vojne in z njimi povezani zločini nacistov so povzročili več kot 20 milijonov ruskih smrti, večina civilnih žrtev ali vojakov, ki so jih vrgli v grozljive kopenske bitke. Obe strani sta z vojnimi ujetniki ravnali gnusno in veliko jih je umrlo na obeh straneh. Zadnji nemški ujetniki so se vrnili šele sredi petdesetih v zameno za politično priznanje Zahodne Nemčije.

Po koncu druge svetovne vojne je ZSSR hitro začela vzpostavljati nadzor nad vsemi državami Vzhodna Evropa. Priključila je baltske države in vzpostavila komunistične režime v Vzhodni Nemčiji, na Poljskem, Češkoslovaškem, Madžarskem, v Bolgariji, Romuniji in Albaniji ter učinkovito zatrla politično nestrinjanje. V Aziji je pomagala tudi pri postavitvi komunističnih vlad v Mongoliji, na Kitajskem, v Severnem Vietnamu, Severni Koreji, Kambodži in Laosu. Zahodni kritiki so ZSSR in njene evropske in azijske "satelite" opisali kot ujete za "železno zaveso" brezobzirnega totalitarizma in poveljevalnih ekonomij. Komunistični partiji Jugoslavije je uspelo vzpostaviti določeno stopnjo neodvisnosti od Moskve, vendar je sovjetska vojska neusmiljeno zatrla vstaje na Madžarskem (1956) in Češkoslovaški (1968).

Po Stalinovi smrti leta 1953 je sovjetska težka industrija in vojska morda še naprej rasla pod vodstvom Georgija Malenkova (1953-1955) in Nikite Hruščova (1955-1964), Stalinovih naslednikov kot generalnega sekretarja stranke. Čeprav so bili poskusi proizvajati potrošniško blago, so navadno propadli in ZSSR se je še naprej borila pod jarmom kolektivizacije in totalitarizma. Leta 1956 se je Hruščov odrekel ekscesom Stalinovega režima in začel lastno čiščenje, da bi "destaliniziral" gospodarstvo in družbo ZSSR. Rezultati so bili mešani in Hruščov je bil odstavljen. Kot pa je pozneje pripomnil, je odmetavanje in ne umor lahko pozen uspeh njegove politike. Konec petdesetih let je ZSSR skočila v vesoljsko dirko in prva izstrelila v vesolje nekaj (Sputnik), živo bitje (pes Laika), moškega (Jurij Gagarin) in žensko (Valentina Tereškova). Kmalu po tem napredku pa je briljantni glavni oblikovalec Sergej Korolev leta 1966 umrl zaradi naravnih vzrokov in kombinacija medsebojnih spopadov med njegovimi nasledniki, pomanjkanjem sredstev in nepravilnimi tehnološkimi in strateškimi odločitvami je pripeljala do tega, da so ZDA po tem prevzele sovjetski vesoljski program . Ko je pristanek na Luni leta 1969 dokazal, da zdaj vodijo Američani, je bil fokus sovjetskega vesoljskega programa namesto tega spremenjen v sonde brez posadke in vesoljsko postajo. Posledica tega je bil izjemno uspešen MIR (ruski jezik za mir) in veliki deli Mednarodne vesoljske postaje, zgrajene skupaj z zahodnimi narodi po padcu Sovjetske zveze. Sovjetska zveza je dosegla svoj vojaški, diplomatski in industrijski vrhunec v zadnjih letih Leonida Brežnjeva (1964-1982). Toda nadaljnja korupcija in slabo počutje sta neizprosno vodili do krize, zaradi katere je generalni sekretar Mihail Gorbačov (1985–1991) uvedel glasnost (odprtost) in perestrojka (omejena ekonomska svoboda). Njegove pobude so nehote sprostile sile, ki so do decembra 1991 razcepile imperij. Evropski sateliti so se osvobodili ZSSR in njihovih lokalnih komunističnih voditeljev, ZSSR pa je propadla v 15 neodvisnih držav.

Demokracija v vzponu in vzpon Vladimirja Putina

Spomenik tisočletju Rusije, v Novgorodskem Kremlju

Ruska federacija se je pojavila iz Sovjetske zveze, ki jo je spremljala nevihta težav. Prvi vodja novonastale države je bil Boris Jeljcin, ki se je na oblast povzpel tako, da se je uprl poskusu puča s strani KGB. Jelcin je večinoma uspel prenesti nadzor nad državo s stare sovjetske elite na svoj oligarhični aparat. Jelcin je bil karizmatični vodja, ki ga je zahod podpiral, vendar se je njegova vlada izkazala za nestabilno in pokvarjeno s korupcijo in Jelcinovim alkoholizmom. Val gospodarskih stisk je rusko gospodarstvo uničil, vojska pa je ostala podhranjena in nedisciplinirana. V tem času je ruski organizirani kriminal in njegov odnos do vlade, ki je zdaj splošno priznan kot pokvarjen in nesposoben, prevzel večji nadzor nad državo, tudi ko so potekale politične reforme. Ironično je, da je Jeljcin, preden je prišel na oblast, Rusijo označil za "največjo mafijsko državo na svetu".

Tudi Rusija je bila v vojni z Čečenski separatisti, kar je imelo uničujoče posledice za že tako šibko rusko gospodarstvo. Razširjena korupcija, revščina in obsežni politični in socialni problemi so sčasoma prisilili Jelcina, da je odstopil, Vladimir Putin pa je zapolnil preostali mandat (januar - april 2000) kot predsednik. Kot nekdanji častnik KGB pod komunističnim režimom (nekaj časa služboval v tujini v Vzhodni Nemčiji) in vodja oživljene ruske vohunske službe pod Jeljcinom, je Putin vsilil svojo osebnost in voljo v neposlušnih in kriminalnih četrtih države, vendar je je bil močno obsojen zaradi svojega avtoritarnega vedenja. Potem ko je odslužil svoje ustavno omejene mandate (2000–2008), je Putin sicer uradno odstopil s položaja predsednika, vendar je še naprej nadzoroval vlado prek svojega maziljenega naslednika Dmitrija Medvedeva. Nikogar ni presenetilo, da je Putin ponovno prevzel predsedniško funkcijo, ko je bil znova upravičen leta 2012. V letih 2014 in 2015 je bila Rusija pod številnimi zunanjimi in notranjimi politikami pod vse večjimi pritiski in kritikami, vključno z načinom, kako Putin in njegova stranka ravnata s politično opozicijo in nacionalističnimi prizvoki v nekaterih svojih politike in govori. Razmere v Krim in Ukrajina pravi EU in ZDA da je kriv Putin, čeprav krivdo vsaj delno pripisuje njim.

Od leta 2000 se je v neposredni in posredni vladavini Putina gospodarstvo vrnilo nazaj iz krize, kar je v majhnem obsegu prispevalo k petkratnemu povišanju cen surovin, ki jih ima Rusija v izobilju. Inflacija se je s trištevilk znižala v posamezne enote, zmanjšala se je revščina in Rusija se je ponovno pojavila kot prevladujoča svetovna gospodarska, politična in vojaška sila. To predstavo pogosto imenujejo "Ruski čudež". Čeprav je Putin na Zahodu še vedno močno obsojen, ima zaradi ruskih gospodarskih in vojaških uspehov pod njim zelo priljubljenost v Rusiji, saj je njegova ocena domačih odobritev med valom nacionalnega ponosa, ki je sledil ruski priključitev Krima.

Danes se mora sodobna Rusija še vedno popolnoma izterjati iz zaostankov, ki so jo prizadenele država od leta 2014, inflacija pa je zvišala cene, vse bolj neustavljivo breme za boj proti vsesplošni korupciji, premalo konkurenčen politični sistem, konflikt v Severni Kavkaz, demografsko krizo in zmanjševanje gospodarske konkurence. Zdi se, da se Rusi soočajo tudi s problemom usklajevanja Putinovih uspehov z njegovimi totalitarnimi in samozadostnimi impulzi. Kljub temu so Rusi od padca ZSSR dosegli veliko višji življenjski standard. Ko pa so cene nekaterih surovin, predvsem nafte, konec leta 2014 in v začetku leta 2015 strmo padle, je to močno prizadelo rusko gospodarstvo in učinki tega so še vedno vidni. Ali se bo Rusija lahko izognila tej odvisnosti od svojega bogastva z viri, bomo še videli.

Teren

Teren sestavljajo široke ravnice z nizkimi griči zahodno od Ljubljane Ural; prostrani iglasti gozd in tundra v Sibirija; vzpetine in gore vzdolž južnih obmejnih regij; gorski in vulkanski v večjem delu Ljubljane Ruski Daljni vzhod.

Podnebje

Rusija je hladna država, vendar so vedno odtenki v sivi barvi. Kontrast večnega ledu Tundre, ki zaseda 65% ruske zemlje in eksotične obale Črnega morja, je med celinskim podnebjem, ki je najbolj naseljeno območje evropske Rusije, južnih predelov Sibirije in ruskega Daljnega vzhoda. Njegova poletja so vedno topla z dobrim delom vročih dni, ki omogočajo kopanje na prostem v številnih rekah, jezerih in morjih.

Prazniki

Sibirski brezov gozd blizu Novosibirska

Ruski seznam praznikov je razdeljen na zvezno in regionalno uveljavljene, etnične, zgodovinske, poklicne in verske. Prvi dve vrsti sta prosti dan v vsej državi in ​​ju je treba upoštevati pri načrtovanju potovanja. To so uradni prazniki v Ruski federaciji:

  • Novoletni prazniki (1. – 5. Januar) se pogosto združijo z božiči in predstavljajo več kot tedenski dopust.
  • Pravoslavni božič (7. januar).
  • Dan zagovornika domovine (23. februar).
  • Mednarodni dan žena (8. marec).
  • Dan pomladi in dela (1. maj).
  • Dan zmage (9. maj).
  • Dan Rusije (12. junij).
  • Dan enotnosti ljudi (4. november).

Merske enote

Ruski sistem merjenja je enak preostalemu svetu, razen ZDA in Mjanmara (Burma); sistem SI. Pričakujte, da boste naleteli na stopinje Celzija, kilometre, kilograme, litre itd. Arhaične enote za razdaljo so versta in vershok; za težo - pud.

Časovni pasovi

Časovni pasovi v Rusiji. Kliknite za ogled ključa.

Od leta 2021 ima Rusija enajst let časovni pasovi, poletni čas pa se ne uporablja. Prej je država eksperimentirala z manjšim številom časovnih pasov in z letnim časom.

Govori

Poglej tudi: Ruski zvezek izrazov

Rusko je glavni jezik Rusije. Jezik je član vzhodnoslovanske jezikovne družine in je tesno povezan z ukrajinsko in belorusko. Drugi slovanski jeziki, kot so bolgarščina, hrvaščina, češčina, niso vzajemno razumljivi, vendar so si vseeno rahlo podobni. Ruščina velja za enega najtežjih evropskih jezikov za učenje angleško govorečega, predvsem zaradi zelo zapletene slovnice. Jezika se ne boste naučili v kratkem času; osredotočiti se na učenje nekega ključa besedne zveze "vljudnost"in cirilico (npr. »restavracija« v rimski abecedi piše »restoran«, kar pomeni »restavracija«), tako da boste lahko prepoznali imena ulic, oznake in javne znake. Spoznavanje cirilice je neizmerno koristno, ne samo za Rusijo, ampak tudi za številne druge države, in ni zelo težko.

Učenje ruščine je lahko izziv za tiste, ki ne govorijo slovanskega jezika. Pisava, cirilica, uporablja veliko črk latinske abecede, vendar mnogim dodeli različne zvoke. Jezik zaposluje tri slovnične spole (moški, ženski in srednji rod), šest slovničnih primerov in stres zaradi prostega padca, kar je vse zarota, ki otežuje potencialno govorico angleškega jezika.

Trojice v Sergiev Posad—Duhovni dom ruske pravoslavne cerkve

angleščina postaja pogoj v poslovnem svetu in je najbolj priljubljen tuji jezik v državi. Čeprav mlajši, izobraženi Rusi in tisti, ki delajo v storitveni industriji, znajo angleščino dovolj, da bi imeli osnovni pogovor, se zelo malo govori, tudi v Moskva in St. Petersburg. Nekaj ​​znanja ruščine je za samostojnega popotnika nujno.

Vsako znanje ruščine bo zagotovo navdušilo domačine, ne glede na tekoče znanje. Vendar bodo Rusi, ki se znajo angleško, v nekaterih primerih ponudili komunikacijo v angleščini, tudi če se boste z njimi poskusili pogovarjati v ruščini. Naj vas to ne osupne, saj ni namenjeno odvračanju vaših prizadevanj; Rusi na splošno menijo, da ni dobro obnašati se z nekom v jeziku, ki ga ne razumejo.

Ker kakovost poučevanja tujih jezikov ni tako dobro razvita, lahko tisti, ki govorijo angleško, zanikajo, ali pa tudi ne, iz strahu, da jih ne bi razumeli ali odvrnili. Verjetno ste eden redkih govorcev angleščine, na katerega je kdaj prišel ruski domačin.

Rusija ima na stotine jezikov in trdi, da jih podpira večino. Sovjetski jezikoslovci so jih dokumentirali v prvih nekaj desetletjih ZSSR in poskrbeli, da so dobili cirilske pisalne sisteme (razen karelijske, vepske, ingrijske, votske in ter samske). Nekateri so postali lokalni uradni jeziki. Južna Rusija je obložena s turkiškimi, mongolskimi in tunguskimi jeziki; severni s finskim in samojedskim jezikom. Jugozahodni vogal ima različne kavkaške jezike; severovzhod ima nekaj čukotsko-kamčatskih jezikov.

Ruska pravoslavna vera je ena najstarejših vej krščanstva na svetu in ima še vedno zelo veliko privržencev, čeprav je bila v komunističnem obdobju represirana, od julija 2020 pa je priznana kot državna vera. Jezik, ki se govori v ruščini Pravoslavne cerkvene službe so Staroslovanska, ki se precej razlikuje od sodobne ruske.

Vstopi

Opozorilo o potovanjuVizumske omejitve:
Z omejenimi izjemami Kosovan imetniki potnih listov so zanikal vstop v Rusijo zaradi nepriznanja Rusije Kosovu.
PrevidnoCOVID-19 informacije: Rusija je zaprla meje za tujce dne 17. marca 2020.
(Podatki so bili nazadnje posodobljeni 25. mar. 2020)
Ruska vizumska politika, pri čemer imajo države v zelenem brezvizumski dostop; države sive pa običajno potrebujejo vizum za vstop v Rusijo

Vizumi

Potovanje brez vizumov

Državljani naslednjih držav ne potrebujejo vizuma:

Neomejeno obdobje

90 dni

60 dni

30 dni

14 dni

Norvežani ki živijo znotraj 30 km od meje:

  • Tem posameznikom je dovoljen vstop v Rusijo do 15 dni brez vizuma, pod pogojem, da na obmejnem območju prebivajo vsaj 3 leta in ne potujejo več kot 30 km od meje.
  • Mejno potrdilo, ki velja za več vstopov, je treba dobiti na ruskem konzulatu v Ljubljani Kirkenes vnaprej, zato bi ga morali videti kot posebno vrsto vizuma, ki velja za več vstopov do 5 let. Podoben dogovor obstaja za Poljake, ki živijo v bližini Kaliningrada.
Na primer, St.Petersburg lahko s križarkami obiščete brez vizumov

Obstaja nekaj primerov, ki to dopuščajo brezvizumski dostop:

  • Tranzit skozi Moskva Šeremetjevo, Letališča Moskva Domodedovo ali Jekaterinburg Koltsovo ne potrebujejo tranzitnega vizuma, če ima potnik potrjen nadaljnji let, ostane na letališču največ 24 ur in je ne v tranzitu do ali iz Belorusija in Kazahstan (potovanja v te države in iz njih uporabljajo domače terminale). Prehod skozi letališče Sankt Peterburg Pulkovo zahteva tranzitni (ali drug) vizum. Vizume je v zelo omejenih primerih mogoče dobiti pri konzularnih uradnikih na letališčih.
  • Potniki na križarjenju, ki v Rusijo prihajajo in iz nje odhajajo z ladjo, ne potrebujejo vizuma, če ostanejo v Rusiji manj kot 72 ur. Primeri vključujejo križarjenja po kanalu Saimaa Lappeenranta (Finska) do Vyborg in križarjenja St.Peter Line do St. Petersburg iz Helsinkov, Talina ali Stockholma. Preverite, v kolikšni meri se morate držati svoje skupine. Ne odlašajte z odpravo vizumov. Če predržite, morate zaprositi za izstopni vizum, plačati morate globo v višini najmanj 500 EUR in naslednjih pet let ne boste mogli v Rusijo odpovedati vizumu. Vizumski postopek v tem primeru lahko traja več kot en teden, v katerem morate plačati bivanje in hrano.
  • Posebni dogodki: najbolj znan primer je bil "vizum za navijače", ki je bil začasno na voljo za svetovno nogometno prvenstvo FIFA 2018 v Rusiji. This was a less onerous visa process, but you had to have tickets for matches and booked accommodation, which meant paying top prices. That has come to an end but there are many other sporting and cultural events with a similar visa arrangement: upcoming events are listed on the Russian embassy website. Visitors with tickets to UEFA Euro 2020 games (in summer 2021) in St. Petersburg will be allowed to enter visa free under the same scheme.

eVisas

Nationalities eligible for eVisas in yellow (click to enlarge)

Since 1 January 2021, the free electronic visas entitling visitors to enter certain parts of Russia are discontinued. They've been replaced by eVisas costing $40, allowing you to travel freely around Russia for 16 days, for tourism, business and participating in events. One limitation is that you can only enter and leave Russia through certain checkpoints (as of February 2021, 40 checkpoints) including major airports (though very few in eastern Russia) and ports, and a few land crossings (mostly to the Baltic states and to/from Kaliningrad), and two railway crossings to North Korea and nearby to China. In a nutshell: overland travel to and from most countries, including almost all train crossings, as well as entry directly into most of Asian Russia by plane require a full normal visa.

Eligible nationalities for these eVisas are the EU countries, Bahrain, China, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Malaysia, Mexico, Monaco, North Korea, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Philippines, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, Turkey, Vatican City.

The visa process

Everyone else requires a visa. And for those unfortunates the complexity of the process depends on the class of visa. Thirty-day tourist visas are fairly straightforward to acquire; 90-day (and more) business visas, less so. US citizens are eligible for 3-year multiple-entry business, homestay/private, humanitarian and tourist visas without an invitation (but with proof of booking arrangements). It is best to start the application process well in advance. While expedited processing is available to those who need visas quickly, it can double the application cost.

I want a tourist visa and I don't want to book any accommodation before I have my visa

Specialist Russian visa companies can do this for you and you don't have to worry about filing any paperwork with embassies. Just send them money, your passport and the relevant information.

However, it's cheaper (but slightly more work) to use these agencies to get you an invitation and then lodge your application at the embassy yourself.

Arranging a visa basically involves two steps:

  1. Getting an invitation and
  2. Applying for the visa.

You may arrive at any time on or after the start date of your visa's validity and may depart at any time on or before its expiry date. Normally, an exit visa is included in transit, private visit/homestay, tourist, and business visas so long as the visa is still valid. Other classes, such as student visas, still require a separate exit visa that can take up to three weeks to process.

Exit and re-entry during the validity period of your visa requires permits. Getting these permits is a Kafkaesque bureaucratic nightmare that is best avoided entirely by getting a double- or multiple-entry visa in the first place.

If you're in Russia and have lost your passport, your sponsor, not your embassy, must apply to the Federal Migration Service to transfer your visa to your replacement passport. Having a copy of your old visa helps with this, but is not sufficient to let you depart. An exception is for U.S. citizens, who only need show proof that they had not exceeded their duration of permitted stay in order to depart (but a visa would be required for a return to Russia).

An unaccompanied minor of Russian nationality needs, apart from the regular requirements for adults, a notarized statements in Russian signed by both parents. This statement can be requested at the Russian embassy or consulate. The child is likely able to get into Russia without this statement, but will most likely be prevented by the Russian border guards from getting out of Russia at the airport!

1. Getting an invitation

Russia's most striking border crossing—the Friendship Bridge between the castles of Narva in Ivangorod

The invitation type determines the visa. A tourist invitation gets you a tourist visa, a private visit invitation gets you a private visit visa, etc. Except for tourist visas, invitations are official documents issued by Russian government agencies and must be applied for by the person or organization inviting you.

Any invitation will include the intended dates of travel and the number of entries required (1, 2 or multiple). The dates on the invitation determine the period of the ensuing visa's validity. If in doubt of dates, ensure that the invitation covers a period longer than the intended stay: a tourist visa valid for 7 days costs the same as one valid for 30 days.

In the likely situation you have to buy your invitation, shop around globally: all invitations come from Russia and the company that gets it for you will have a base in Russia. It doesn't make a difference whether its website is based in Germany, the UK, the US or Eswatini. Many embassies and consulates only require a copy of the invitation; however this is not always the case so check with the embassy or consulate beforehand. If the original invitation is required, it will have to be flown from Russia anyway. It is only applying for the visa that generally requires the application to be made in the applicant's homeland.

A tourist invitation (imenovano tudi reservation confirmation) is a letter of confirmation of booking and pre-payment of accommodation and travel arrangements in Russia. It is accompanied by a tourist voucher. These two documents can be issued only by "government approved" tour operators, hotels, online hotel booking services or Russian travel agencies (several Russian travel agencies have offices outside Russia and are adept at facilitating visa applications). "Government approval" here is not an endorsement of quality; it means that the company is registered with the Russian government. An ordinary hotel booking is not sufficient to constitute an invitation. Some hotels charge a fee to issue the invitation. Booking one night in a hotel will get you an invitation valid for one day (maybe two) and hence the resulting visa will be valid for a very brief time.

For independent travellers planning to travel around Russia, it is best to get an invitation through an agency. For a fee, these agencies will issue the necessary invitations and vouchers to any passport holder in any country. They do this without actually collecting any accommodation prepayment (and without providing any accommodation, of course). Two big players in the online tourist visa support document business are Way to Russia, a company with a US base (invitation US$30), and Real Russia with a British base (invitation ₤15). While the strict legality of such is questionable, these companies are well established and do enough not to upset the authorities. Most importantly, their services do not lead to problems for the traveller. However, if your itinerary is confined to only one hotel, then it makes sense to obtain the invitation documents directly from the hotel as the service fee will be similar.

Consider getting a private/homestay visa if you have friends or relatives in Russia (they do not necessarily have to be Russian). They would need to seek an invitation through their local Passport and Visa Division of the Federal Migration Service (formerly OVIR). These invitations tend to take at least a month to process. The inviting individual also becomes solely responsible for all your activities while in Russia and can be penalized heavily if something were to go wrong. Because of this, personal invitations are usually not available for a fee through the net.

Business invitations are issued by the government. They are generally time-consuming and costly to acquire but they can be quickly arranged for exorbitant fees. Any registered company in Russia can apply for a business invitation. Travel agencies and visa specialists can also get them issued for you. Business visas have longer validity than tourist visas. Being a tourist on a business visa je permitted, so anyone wanting more than a 30-day stay should get one of these. As a rough guide, one UK company can arrange a business invitation for a single 90-day stay for various amounts between ₤38 (for 12 working day processing) and ₤121 (for 2 working day processing).

Invitations for študent visas are issued by the educational institution where you plan to study. Most universities and language schools are familiar with the process.

Some Russian local governments have a right to invite foreigners for cultural exchanges by sending a message directly to the Embassy or Consulate of Russia overseas, requesting the visa be issued to a particular foreigner or group of foreigners. Such messages are used instead of an invitation. This is normally the way to go if you are invited by the government.

2. Applying for the visa

Different embassies and consulates have different requirements for visa applications. They may issue visas by mail, they may require application in person, they may accept a copy of the invitation, they may require the original. They may accept payment by card, they may insist on a money order. Check with the embassy or consulate beforehand - in most cases it will be on their website. Holders of U.S., Canadian, and British passports typically have to complete a longer application. Getting a Russian visa issued away from your country of nationality or one you have a residence permit valid for at least three months can be tricky. This can ruin plans for east-to-west trans-Siberian trippers. In Asia, success (no means guaranteed) is most likely to be found in Hong Kong in Phnom Penh (if necessary, temporary Kamboški residence is simple to buy and only costs about US$100).

Visa service companies, for a fee, will double-check your application and invitation, go to the embassy for you, and return your passport to you. This service is nothing that you cannot do yourself (unlike arranging the invitation) but it can save time and frustration.

A single entry, 30-day tourist visa for citizens of EU-Schengen countries costs €35 and takes three working days for standard processing (€70 gets express service for next day collection). For UK citizens the price is ₤50 and processing takes 5 working days not 3 (express service is next day and costs £100). For citizens of the USA the price is US$160 with standard processing being at least 4 working days (express service is US$250 and stated to be 3 working days).

In some countries which have a busy trade in Russian visas (eg, UK and USA), the visa processing has been outsourced to private companies. These companies levy a further unavoidable application fee on top of the visa fees stated above. For applications made in the UK (by a citizen of any country) the application fee is ₤26.40 for standard service and ₤33.60 for express service. For applications made in the USA, the application fee is US$30.

An additional complication for UK citizens is the requirement to personally attend one of the visa application centres in London, Edinburgh or Manchester to have biometric data, that is fingerprints, taken.

The total cost of getting a visa usually has three parts: invitation fee, visa fee and application fee. If you're lucky, one or more of these may be zero but be prepared to be hit by all three. Take as an example a UK citizen applying for a 30-day, single entry tourist visa with standard processing in the UK (not the cheapest example and not the most expensive): invitation bought through an agency: ₤15, visa fee: ₤50, application fee: ₤26.40-91.40 .

Usually, tourist, homestay, and transit visas can allow one or two entries. Tourist and homestay visas have a maximum validity of 30 days. Transit visas are typically for one to three days for air travel and up to ten days for overland journeys. Business and other visa categories can be issued for one, two or multiple entries.

Any business visa can permit a maximum stay in any one visit of up to 90 days. However, a business visa generally only permits a total stay of 90 days in Russia in a 180-day period, regardless of how long it is valid for (whether it be 3, 6, or 12 months). If you stay in Russia for 90 days, you have to leave and your visa will not permit you to return for another 90 days. This means (give or take - a year isn't 360 days) that a six-month visa permits as long a total time in Russia as a three month visa!

Once you have your visa, check all the dates and information as it's much easier to correct mistakes before you travel than after you arrive!

Arrival and customs

Keep visa woes in perspective—it used to be even harder to travel around here.

On arriving in Russia, you'll have to fill out a landing card (usually filled out automatically by an immigration officer). As in most places, one half is surrendered on entry and the other portion should remain with your passport until you leave Russia. It is usually printed in both Russian and English though other languages may be available. If you lose it, then upon leaving Russia, you will be charged a nominal fine, and your departure may be delayed by an hour or two for the formalities.

Usually, you will be permitted to enter and remain in Russia for the term of your visa but it's up to the immigration officer to decide and they may decide otherwise, though this is unlikely.

Those who enter Russia with valuable electronic items or musical instruments (especially violins that look antique and expensive), antiques, large amounts of currency, or other such items are required to declare them on the customs entry card and must insist on having the card stamped by a customs officer upon arrival. Even if the customs officer claims that it is not necessary to declare such items, insist on a stamp on your declaration. Having this stamp may prevent considerable hassle (fines, confiscation) upon departure from Russia should the customs agent at departure decide that an item should have been declared upon entry.

Registracija

Upon arrival to Russia and then subsequently upon arriving in any new city, you must be registrirana within 7 business days of arriving. This law is a relic from the Soviet days of controlled internal migration. Today, even Russians are supposed to register if they move cities. The official line is that these expensive pieces of paper with blue stamps, help control illegal immigration from the poorer countries on Russia's southern borders in Srednja Azija, Kavkaz, Kitajska in celo Severna Koreja.

Your host in that city (not necessarily the one who issued the invitation) is responsible for registering you. The proof of registration is a separate piece of paper with a big blue stamp on it. Registration can nowadays be done in any post office. You will also have visit a bank to pay the registration fee (about 300 руб).

All legal hotels will not let you check in without seeing your registration (at least if you've been in Russia for more than 7 business days) and police who insist that a lack of registration is your fault are more annoying and more expensive than paying the registration fee.

However, if you do not intend to stay at the hotels, you may, at your own risk, forego the registration procedure. Proofs of registration are nikoli demanded by immigration offices at borders.

Overstaying a visa

If you overstay, even by a few minutes, you will likely be prohibited from leaving until you obtain a valid exit visa. Ti maja be able to obtain a visa extension from the consular officer at an airport against the payment of a fine if you overstayed for fewer than three days, but this is not guaranteed. Generally, though, obtaining an extension requires an intervention by your sponsor, a payment of a fine, and a wait of up to three weeks.

Be careful if your flight leaves after midnight and be aware of the time at which the train crosses the border. Border guards will not let you depart if you're leaving even 10 min after your visa expires!

If your overstay was due to reasons such as medical problems, the Federal Migration Service may instead issue a Home Return Certificate rather than an exit visa which is valid to depart Russia within ten days of issue.

Z letalom

The hammer and sickle flies on, Aeroflot

Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by direct flights from most European capitals, and Moscow also has direct flights from many cities in East Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and North America. Non-stop flights from the United States to Russia are offered by Delta (from New York and Atlanta to Moscow, Sheremetyevo), United Airlines (from Washington to Moscow, Domodedovo) and Aeroflot (from New York, Washington and Los Angeles to Moscow, Sheremeryevo).

There are four international airports in Moscow: Sheremetyevo SVO IATA in the northwest, Domodedovo DME IATA in the south Vnukovo VKO IATA in the southwest, and Zhukovskiy ZIA IATA. While first three have an express rail connection (500 руб) to a main railway station in the city, each of the stations are quite far apart which makes traveling between the airports quite challenging, so allow several hours between flights from different airports. A taxi between any of the airports should cost about 1500 руб (be prepared to negotiate hard). By public transport, costs range from roughly 200 rub for buses to just under 700 руб for the aeroexpress trains. The system is very user unfriendly so don't expect an easy, convenient or quick transfer.

Sheremetyevo Airport has five terminals in two clusters, and is the main hub of national carrier Aeroflot. Although Aeroflot had long been notorious for its poor safety record, things have improved greatly since the fall of the Soviet Union and today, it is just as safe as the major Western European airlines. Terminals B (the old Sheremetyevo-1) and C constitute the northern cluster and provide mostly domestic and charter services. New Terminals D and E, along with the older Terminal F (the old Sheremetyevo-2, built for the 1980 Moscow Olympics), form the southern cluster and serve international flights, mainly the SkyTeam alliance, and Terminal D also serves domestic Aeroflot flights.

Domodedovo is a high-class modern airport with a single spacious terminal. It serves domestic and international flights by most Russian and international companies, so you'd be better off choosing flights bound for it. It is the main hub for S7 Airlines, which also flies to numerous international destinations.

Vnukovo is a smaller airport and is generally operated by low-cost airlines.

Zhukovskiy is the latest addition to the Moscow aviation hub. It is a relatively small airport that mainly serves flights to Belarus and countries of Central Asia. However, it has the world's second-longest public-use runway that it shares with the adjacent Gromov flight research institute.

There are airports in all large cities in Russia. Some international services can be found in: Novosibirsk, Soči, Vladivostok, Kalinjingrad, Ekaterinburg. International service to other destinations is much more limited.

Local airlines are listed in Obiti.

Low-cost air-lines from Europe:

Od Nemčija:

  • Eurowings flies to Moscow (Vnukovo International Airport) from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld), Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport), Hamburg (Hamburg Airport) and Stuttgart (Stuttgart Airport). There are also connections from Berlin (Berlin Schönefeld) and Cologne (Köln Bonn Airport) to Saint Petersburg (Pulkovo Airport). Approximate one-way price: US$100.

Od Grčija:

  • Aegean Airlines flies to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Athens (Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport) from €155 return ticket, Thessaloniki (Macedonia Airport) from €177 return ticket. Aegean operates seasonally from Heraklion, Klamath, and Rhodes.

Od Italija:

Od Norveška:

Od Španija:

  • vueling seasonally files to Moscow (Domodedovo International Airport) from Barcelona (Barcelona Airport). One-way fare €110-180 if booked in advance.

Iz Združeno kraljestvo:

Cheaper ways to get to Moscow from the Middle East, India, South-East Asia and Australia:

From/via Združeni Arabski Emirati

  • Emirati leti od Dubaj to Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow and to Pulkovo Airport in Saint Petersburg. New jets, high quality, a little pricey but sometimes they have really cheap sales. A good option to connect if flying from India, South-East Asia or Australia.
  • Etihad leti od Abu Dhabi to Domodedovo International Airport. It offers one-way fares which are just slightly more expensive than a half of the return fare (also, return price generally does not become higher in case of a longer stay up to 1 year), the strategy otherwise employed almost exclusively by low-cost airlines. Offers very competitive rates also, especially for the connecting flights.

From/via Katar

Typical neoclassical grandiosity at the Krasnoyarsk Railway Station
  • Qatar Airways, another player on the Middle Eastern intercontinental connections market, files from Doha to Domodedovo International] airport. One of just 5 airlines of the world rated by Skytrax as 5-star. Nevertheless, connecting airfares from Asia are often quite modest.

Z vlakom

Russian Railways RZhD (Russian: РЖД) runs reliable services across dizzying distances. Eastern and Central Europe are well connected to Moskva and to a lesser extent Saint Petersburg. Moscow is also connected to some surprising destinations throughout Western Europe and Asia.

New Swiss carriages run from Moscow to Lepo in Pariz, but the international trains otherwise are of the same standard as the domestic trains (see Get around: By train). However, any international trains that pass through the Belarusian-Russian border are only for Russian and Belarusian citizens.

The Russian word for railway station (Vokzal, Вокзал) comes from the pleasure gardens (i.e. leisure complex) in Vauxhall, London. In the 1840s early days of railways, visiting Russian entrepreneurs were impressed by these, which created a destination for railway travel and boost to the local economy. Similar gardens were established in St Petersburg around the first Russian railway, and elsewhere, and "vokzal" used to mean such a complex before coming to mean a railway station. The London gardens meanwhile became notorious for thievery and prostitution, and went bankrupt (so, most unlike any big railway station, especially in Russia). The original Vauxhall in London was "Falkes Hall", the home of Sir Falkes de Breauté, who fought for King John against the rebellious Barons, who were furious that he was breaking the terms of Magna Carta. So "voksal" commemorates a 13th-century reactionary warrior against the birth of English democracy!

Evropi

Belorusija, Moldavija in Ukrajina are very well connected to Russia with many trains daily from cities throughout each country. Helsinki in Finland has four high speed trains daily to St Petersburg and one overnight train to Moscow. Riga in Latvia, Vilna in Lithuania and Talin in Estonia each have at least one overnight or daytime train to Moscow and St Petersburg.

Kalinjingrad has a short summer-only train connection to Gdynia in Gdańsk na Poljskem. The trains from Kaliningrad to Moscow and St Petersburg pass through Vilna popoldan.

Beyond Russia's immediate neighbours and former Soviet dominions, direct trains connect Moscow with Avstrija, Bolgarija, Hrvaška, Češka, Francija, Nemčija, Madžarska, Italija, Monako, Črna gora, Nizozemska, Poljska, Romunija, Srbija, Slovaška, in Švica. Most trains from Central Europe to Moscow pass through Belarus, for which westerners need a transit or tourist visa, even if they're visa-exempt for Russia. The Belarus visa needs to be double-entry to return the same way. Although there are often rumours about westerners being blocked and turned off the train at the Belarus-Russia border, this rail route (as of summer 2018) has for some years been trouble-free, and alternative routes via Ukraine or Scandinavia add more bother than they save. It's the cesta route across that border where troubles sometimes occur.

Western Europe has a different track gauge from Russia, Finland and the CIS so bogies must be exchanged when the train crosses into the ex-Soviet countries (usually Ukrajina ali Belorusija). This adds a couple of hours to the long wait already encountered for immigration. You can stay on the train as the wheels are being changed so it won't disrupt your sleep too much.

Azija

Moscow is connected to all the former Soviet Central Asian countries: (Kazahstan, Kirgizistan, Tadžikistanu, Turkmenistan, & Uzbekistan) at least 2-3 times per week. Journeys take 4 or 5 days. For the Caucasus, there is a service from Moscow to Baku in Azerbaijan (3 days), but the Azerbaijan-Russia border is only open to CIS passport holders. There is also a service from Moskva via Sochi to Sukhumi in the disputed territory of Abhazija. The Transsibirska železnica spans the entire country and connects with Chinese cities such as Peking in Harbin, tako dobro, kot Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia. There is a service at least twice a month from Moscow to Pjongjang v Severna Koreja, which is nowadays open to westerners with the correct paperwork. Its coaches attached to the Rossiya Moscow-Vladivostock train that are detached at Ussuriysk for the 36 hour onward haul into and across North Korea.

Z avtom

Poglej tudi: Driving in Russia

You can travel to Russia by car, but the driving experience there does differ from what you'd expect in most western countries; see get around below for details. Also, crossing the border by car is a peculiar entertainment.

Z avtobusom

Soči's Seaport

A few bus companies, most notably Eurolines, Ekoline in Lux Express, operate international coach services from a number of destinations to Moskva in Saint Petersburg. Talin, Helsinki, Riga, Vilna, Varšava in Berlin have regular services to Russia.

Moj čoln

Ferry services operate in the summer between Soči in Turkey'sTrabzon. V Vladivostok there is a scheduled roll-on, roll-off ferry to Busan and numerous lines to the different Japonski ports, however they are mostly oriented to the used Japanese car imports and less to tourism, there is also a weekly service in summer between Korsakov na Sahalin in Wakkanai on the Japanese island Hokaido. Cruise ships are also call to Russian ports frequently. There is a boat connection from Lappeenranta, Finska do Vyborg. There is now daily (overnight) service between Helsinki and St. Petersburg on St. Peter Line that does not require a visa for stays less than 3 days.If you join a cruise tour of St. Petersburg, then you don't need a Russian visa but you have to stay with the tour. Glej Russia#Visa free entry by ship.

S kolesom

There are two international cycling routes Eurovelo that pass through Russia including EV2 Capitals Route (from Ireland to Moscow) and EV10 Baltic Sea Cycle Route (Hansa circuit) interconnecting Saint-Petersburg with Estonia and Finland.

Obiti

The enormous distances hamper all forms of transportation. While the Russian government has tried to make the vast space more accessible since tsarist times much of the country is still hard to reach and even where trains and roads go, travel time is often measured in days not hours. Consider flying for far-off destinations — domestic flight routes cover the country pretty well.

Z vlakom

Due to the immense size of the country, and the poor road safety, the best way to get around through the entire country quickly is by train. Russia has an extensive rail network linking nearly every city and town. For intercity travel, the train is generally the most convenient option for trips that can be covered overnight. Although accommodations may not be the best, Russian trains have efficient and courteous staff as well as timely departures and arrivals that would impress even a German. The train is an option for longer trips (many Russians continue to use it for trips of 2 days or more), but mainly if you appreciate the nuances and experience of train travel in Russia. For the complete Russian rail experience, the one-week Transsibirska železnica has no equal.

Russian trains are divided into types: Long-distance (дальнего следования dal'nevo sledovaniya) trains generally cover trips more than about 4 hours or 200 km (120 miles). Take a look at the Russian long-distance rail timetable. Shorter distances are covered by the commuter trains (пригородные prigorodnyye), which are popularly called электрички elektrichki. Most train stations (железнодорожный вокзал zheleznodorozhnyy vokzal) have separate areas for selling tickets for these types.

Transportation of bicycles

Transportation of a bicycle in a carriage is permissible for one ticket under condition of being compactly folded/dismantled and clean. Usually the bike is taken off its wheels and pedals, put into a bag and stored on the upmost shelf in the Platzkart carriage. The other class carriages have less space or shelves and the bike should be more compact.

Sleeper cars

Winter travel on the famous Transsibirska železnica
Local train station in Udelnaya, a district of St.Petersburg

Almost all long-distance trains are set up for overnight travel. There are several classes of accommodation:

  • Deluxe – myagkiy (мягкий) – with private compartments for two adults and a child, with a private toilet and shower. Few trains have this posh class.
  • 1st class – spalnyy/lyuks (спальный/люкс) – with private compartments for two people. Most trains connecting major cities have a car of this class; tickets are quite expensive in comparison with European standards. Colloquially this class is commonly referred to as SV (es-veh, СВ). Frequently these compartments are the same as in kupe with the two upper beds stowed away.
  • 2nd class – kupe (купе) – with private compartments of four people. On some trains, compartments may be marked as male, female, or mixed-sex by the ticketing system.
  • 3rd class – platskart (плацкарт) – with unwalled compartments of fourfold out beds opposite two beds on the window wall. There is controversy on safety of these compartments. For some these compartments are generally less safe than other classes as they allow uncontrolled access. Others point out that in an open car full of witnesses the chances of becoming a victim of a crime or harassment are less. Anyway, they provide for a much more immersive experience. Nevertheless, they will be abolished slowly.
  • Sitting class – sidyachiy (сидячий) – sitting cars for shorter distance, with seat reservation. These are mostly met on slower regional trains.

Every car has its own attendant/conductor (provodnik ali provodnitsa), which check your tickets at your boarding, provides you bedding, sells you tea or snacks and can lend you a mug and spoon for about 10 руб. The conductor will usually take your tickets shortly after boarding, they are returned shortly before you arrive at your destination. At the end of each carriage you will find a samovar with free hot water for making tea or soup. Most long-distance trains have dining cars.

Bottom-bunk berths (nizhnie – нижние) are slightly more comfortable than top-bunk berths (verhnie – верхние), because they have more place for baggage under them. There are also discounts sometime for top-bunk berths only (usually not in the tourist season and not in popular directions, which are from largest towns on Friday nights, and back on Sunday nights).

Razredi vlakov

Trains are classified according to their average speed:

  • skorostnoy (скоростной, numbered 151 to 178) – the fastest trains (seating only). Sapsan, Allegro and Lastochka trains fall here;
  • skoryy (скорый, numbered 1 to 148 all-year and 181 to 298 seasonal) – rapid trains with overnight accommodation;
  • passazhirskiy (пассажирский, numbered 301 to 399 all-year, 400 to 499 seasonal and 500 to 598 on specific dates only) – slower trains with more frequent stops;
  • mestnyy (местный, numbered 601 to 698) – the slowest trains serving most of the localities along the railways. Typically this kind of trains run shorter routes, often just overnight, for example between adjacent or next to adjacent regional centers, or sideline dead-end branches. A somewhat rough upper limit for route length is about 700 km. Colloquially sometimes called shestisotye ali shest'sot-veselye trains, based on their numeration (6XX or 600-happy trains);
  • pochtovo-bagazhnyy/gruzopassazhyrskiy (почтово-багажный/грузопассажирский, numbered 901 to 998) – mainly used to deliver post and bulky baggage or goods. By railway regulation, depending on location and typically further from major centers, it may be possible to buy tickers on those trains. Where there is a choice of trains, they are inpractical, as they tend to have long stops on all major stations and thus being slower even comparing to 6XX trains. Expect a lot of police, when boarding and unboarding this kind of trains;
  • prigorodnyy express (numbered 800 to 899 and 7000 to 7999) - local express trains, both suburban, such as REXes and Sputniks and interregional, including even trains from Moscow to Saint-Petersburg. Colloquially can be called popugai (parrots) for their bright colors, though further from Moscow regular local trains can be used as expresses;
  • prigorodnyy/elektropoyezd (пригородный/электропоезд, numbered 6001 to 6998) – local or suburban trains mostly serving commuters in cities. Typically named elektrichka, or sometimes more informally sobaka (dogs). Although sometimes any kind of local trains are called elektrichka, even erroneously, their types are diverse, especially where rails are not electrified, including diesel-trains and railbuses, or short trains pulled by (usually) diesel or electric locomotive. Local trains, pulled by locomotives, also may be called kukushka (cuckoos).

Generally correspondence between numeration, speed and train types may be somewhat skewed, and trains from 'slower' category may actually be faster than trains from 'faster' category. Typically this occurs for various categories of rapid and express trains.

Service quality usually correspond to the class of train, but besides that, all-year trains usually have better service than seasonal trains, which are usually better than special dates only trains. Also according to their standards of service, some trains are promoted to firmennyy (фирменный) and given a proper brand and higher ticket price. The most distinguished trains use their special liveries.

Since 2011, dozens of local (prigorodny) trains are canceled each year due to lack of financing, and situation worsens each year. Cancellations occur everywhere over the country, except commuter zones of largest cities, such as Moscow, Saint-Petersburg, Ekaterinburg and Irkutsk. Having latest news on cancellations may be essential for trip planning. Typical cancellation traits: most cancellations occur in the start of the year, sometimes some trains are returned into timetable, if local budgets find funds to sponsor them; some trains are cut at region borders, even when there are no roads over the border to the previous train destination; other local trains got cut to 1 a day or several a week, often with timetable, not convenient for tourists.

Vstopnice

"Lastochka" train ticket from Tver do Moskva, September 2020

Reservations are compulsory on long-distance trains, so you need to plan specifically for each leg of your journey, you can't hop on and off. Previously, all Russian railways used only Moscow time in their schedules, which was very inconvenient and misleading, especially for traveling to the Far East, where the difference between the departure time indicated on the ticket and the actual departure time could be 7-8 hours.

On August 1, 2018, the Russian railways finally began indicating local time in their schedules.

Cena vozovnice je odvisna od razreda vlaka in razreda avtomobila ter od sezone (dnevne vozovnice zunaj konice lahko stanejo 2/3 vozovnic za največje dneve). Ceno vstopnice lahko preverite na E-trgovina Ruskih železnic.

Najboljši način za nakup vozovnice je prek spleta Spletna stran Ruskih železnic. Kjer spletni sistem prikazuje vlak kot ЭР (z majhnim simbolom vlaka), bi morali to vozovnico natisniti doma in je pred vkrcanjem ni treba potrditi. Za vlake brez ЭP boste morali za prevzem vozovnice odnesti račun na šalter, to pa lahko storite samo znotraj Rusije - zato vlakov ne morete uporabljati za potovanja, ki se začnejo zunaj Rusije.

Lahko pa kupite na postaji: Kassovyi Zal (кассовый зал) pomeni prodajalno. Proge se zelo razlikujejo - nekatere postaje so veliko bolje organizirane kot druge, odvisno pa je tudi od sezone. Če se vam zdijo črte neznosno dolge, običajno ni težko najti agencije, ki prodaja vozovnice za vlak. Provizije na splošno niso previsoke. Na primer, če kupujete vozovnico za Sankt Peterburg iz Moskve, je veliko bolje, da se sprehodite po stopnicah od običajne prodajalne - zgoraj ni čakalnih vrst in R140 je majhna premija za plačilo te storitve.

Obstaja veliko agencij, ki prodajajo ruske vozovnice za vlake v tujini - RusTrains.com, TuTu.travel, Prava Rusija, Ruski vlaki, in RussianTrain. Imajo tujejezična (angleška, španska itd.) Spletna mesta, lahko pošljejo papirnate vstopnice na vaš domači naslov, nudijo podporo strankam in ponujajo večje število načinov plačila, cene pa so višje za 30-50%.

Potovalni nasveti

Čas potovanja se lahko giblje od nekaj ur do več dni. Med obema prestolnicama je več vrst vlakov kot med katerima koli drugim mesti v Rusiji. Poleg običajnih vlakov obstajajo hitri vlaki (Sapsan), ki tečejo samo podnevi in ​​v 4 urah prevozijo 650 km med Moskvo in Sankt Peterburgom. Nekateri vlaki čez noč so precej razkošni - mednje spadajo tudi tradicionalni Rdeča puščica storitev in novejše, ponarejene caristične dobe Nikolaevsky Express, skupaj s spremljevalci v uniformah iz 19. stoletja. Posteljnina, brisače in predpakirani zajtrki so vključeni v vse boljše vlake. Skupne kopalnice se nahajajo na koncu vlaka. Obstajajo posebne lopute, s katerimi lahko ponoči zavarujete vrata predela od znotraj.

Ekspresni vlak Moskva-Sankt Peterburg traja 5 ur vožnje in stane min. 2400 руб. Vlaki so le malo klimatizirani. Na moskovski železniški postaji nihče ne govori angleško, zato, če ruskega jezika ne poznate dovolj, da bi lahko osebno kupili vozovnico za vlak, je pred odhodom priporočljivo, da kupite prek spleta ali prek hotelskega vratarja ali potovalne agencije. Glavne oznake na železniški postaji so v ruskem in angleškem jeziku. Jedilnica ekspresnega vlaka je lepo urejena s pravo namizno posteljnino ter impresivnim jedilnikom in vinsko karto, vendar je 3 do 4-krat dražja od prehranjevanja v mestu pred potovanjem in po njem.

Avtobusno postajališče v Lipeck

Trajanje postanka je lahko zelo različno, od ene minute (komaj dovolj, da potniki odidejo in se vkrcajo na vlak), pa vse do 30 minut. Preverite vozni red na vratih na koncu hodnika. Med postankom lahko od domačinov po precej ugodnih cenah kupite različne jedi in pijače na ploščadi. Pogosto se trgovci sprehajajo po avtomobilih med postanki in prodajajo vse, od posode do oblačil do Lay-ovih žetonov.

Vozniški vlaki so večinoma vlaki s trdimi sedeži. Ne dobite določene številke sedeža - preprosto najdete prostor na klopi. Ti vlaki imajo razvpit sloves prenatrpanosti, čeprav je ta nekoliko upadel. Vlaki se zelo pogosto ustavljajo in so precej počasni. Na primer, 200 km potovanja do Vladimirja traja približno 3 ure in 30 minut. Imajo (!) Stranišča v prvem in zadnjem avtomobilu, vendar bo to nepozabno doživetje (uporabite jih samo v "nujnih" primerih).

Vozovnice za primestne vlake se prodajajo v ločeni sobi od vlakov za dolge razdalje, včasih pa se prodajajo na stojnicah zunaj.

Nekaj ​​zelo priljubljenih poti, večinoma med Moskvo in bližnjimi mesti, kot so Vladimir, Jaroslavlj, Tula in druga, ima hiter primestni vlak, ki je precej bolj udoben. Vaša vozovnica bo imela določeno številko sedeža in sedeži so primerno udobni. Vlaki potujejo do cilja neposredno in so zato precej hitrejši.

Kateri časovni pas? Do avgusta 2018 so vsi vlaki v Rusiji vozili po moskovskem času, na Daljnem vzhodu pa kar 7 ur po lokalnem času. To bi lahko bilo nadrealistično, ko ste se spotaknili iz dvorane vlaka, perona in postaje, ki se je prikazovala ob 10:00, in se pojavili v mraku sibirskega večera. Ampak vsaj to je bilo dosledno, blaginja za načrtovanje na dolge razdalje. Danes pa vozni red uporablja lokalni čas in se vedno premika med potovanjem na vzhod. Natančno preverite vozovnice in vozne rede, da vidite, kateri čas se uporablja v določenem mestu.

Z avtobusom

Zemljevid ruske zvezne avtoceste

Večina ruskih mest ima avtobusne povezave do mest oddaljenih 5–6 ur ali več. Čeprav so avtobusi na splošno manj udobni kot vlak, so včasih boljše časovno primerne in jih je vredno preučiti, če vam vozni redi vlakov ne ustrezajo. Majhno število mest, zlasti Suzdal, ne vozijo z vlakom, zato je poleg avtomobila edina možnost tudi avtobus.

Ruska beseda za avtobusno postajo je Avtovokzal (Ahv-tuh-vahg-ZAHL). Večina mest ima samo enega za avtobuse na dolge razdalje, državni avtobusi pa od tam odhajajo. Vendar pa so v Moskvi in ​​nekaterih drugih ruskih mestih na voljo številni komercialni avtobusi, ki na splošno ne odhajajo z avtobusne postaje. V bližini železniških postaj boste pogosto videli komercialne avtobuse. Včasih vozijo po voznem redu, čeprav na priljubljenih progah (kot so Moskva-Vladimir, Moskva / Yaroslavl itd.) Avtobusi preprosto počakajo, da se napolnijo. Na teh avtobusih je plačilo običajno vozniku.

Ruski avtobusi imajo shrambo za prtljago, a če gre za stari avtobus vzhodnega bloka, boste na koncu potovanja morda našli prtljago mokro. Običajno morate za prtljago plačati "prtljažno" vozovnico.

Maršrutka

Poleg običajnih avtobusov se imenujejo tudi zasebni minibusi marshrutka (maršrutka). Ti so se pojavili po padcu Sovjetske zveze kot alternativa umirajočemu sistemu javnega prevoza. Pravno lahko dobijo dovoljenje kot taksi ali avtobus. Imajo fiksne poti, vendar običajno nimajo voznih redov in rednih postaj. Uradna oznaka zanje je Pot Taxi, (Rusko: marshrutnoye taxi, ukrajinsko: marshrutne taxi), od tod tudi pogovorna marshrutka).

Če se želite vkrcati na enega od teh, se ustavite ob cesti in zamahnite z roko, če imate srečo in minibus ni poln, se ustavi. V mestu se bo tako ali tako ustavil in vam ponudil možnost, da stojite v prehodu ali celo stojite v nekem kotu in se sklonite nad sedeče potnike. To ni ne zakonito ne priročno, vendar zelo pogosto in sprejemljivo. Z voznikom se lahko dogovorite, da se ustavi na cilju. Če želite izstopiti, morate zavpijeti: "Остановите здесь!" (Astanaviti zdes, kar pomeni "Ustavite se tukaj!") Čim glasneje, da lahko voznik sliši. Marshrutka se bo ustavila skoraj povsod, tudi sredi prometa, ne da bi se premaknila na rob ceste. Na glavnih postajališčih lahko voznik počaka in zbere več potnikov. Čakalna doba je nepredvidljiva in je odvisna od voznega reda, števila potnikov, konkurenčnih avtobusov itd. Vstopnic ni, voznika plačate neposredno. Morda vam bo dal potrdilo, vendar ga morate izrecno zahtevati.

Maršrutke se vozijo tako po podeželju (v tem primeru je verjetneje, da imajo vozne rede) kot kot mestni prevoz. Včasih so videti kot običajni avtobusi, zaradi česar se težko razlikujejo od uradnih avtobusov. Poleg tega lahko na dolgih progah rezervirate mesto po telefonu in celo kupite vozovnico vnaprej. Sistem je zelo naključen in organiziran na najbolj čuden način. Podrobnosti o določeni poti je zelo priporočljivo preveriti pri voznikih ali vsaj pri domačinih, ki bi morali poznati trenutne razmere v njihovem mestu. V mestih se nikoli ne zanašajte na številke poti. Včasih se ujemajo s tistimi iz uradnega javnega prevoza, včasih pa se ne.

Z avtom

Poglej tudi: Vožnja v Rusiji

Medtem ko vas bodo vlaki, letala in avtobusi med velikimi ruskimi mesti in mnogimi manjšimi kraji pripeljali tudi do avtomobilov, je potovanje z avtomobilom lahko dober način za izhod iz uhojene poti in potovanje v svojem ritmu. Kljub temu, da niste navajeni na lokalne razmere na cesti in vozniško kulturo in ne razumete ruščine, je samostojno potovanje z avtomobilom lahko zahtevno in celo nevarno. Ceste so lahko slabo označene, če so sploh označene, in slabo vzdrževane, zlasti zunaj mest. Številke cest niso dobro označene, smerne table pa so običajno samo v ruščini.

Večino zveznih avtocest (označenih kot M-1, M-2 in tako naprej) nadzirajo avtomatizirani sistemi, manjše ceste pa nadzira državna avtomobilska inšpekcija (ГИБДД ali GIBDD, čeprav je znana tudi pod prejšnjim imenom GAI). Blokade GIBDD so znotraj meje vsakega zveznega okrožja (približno vsakih 200 km). Zelo koristno je imeti detektor za pasti radarske hitrosti in video snemalnik. Video posnetek je vaša največja obramba v vse problematični primeri z GIBDD.

Če ste trčili kot voznik, je glavno pravilo, da ne premikate avtomobila in ne zapuščate kraja nesreče, dokler inšpektor GIBDD ne nariše načrta nesreče in ga podpišete. Vsaka kršitev tega pravila vas lahko stane 15 dni svobode. Vsa druga vprašanja naj bodo usmerjena na vašo zavarovalnico.

Niso vse avtoceste v Rusiji brezplačne: na nekaterih avtocestah cestnine zaprejo pot, zato bo potnik morda potreboval 20-60 руб na cestnino (lahko jo plača kreditna kartica).

Bencin je v nekaterih regijah lahko izredno slab; vedno je bolje najti katerega blagovno znamko bencinska črpalka.

Storitve najema avtomobilov so drage. Če ne razumete rusko, lahko uporabite zasebni licenčni vodnik. Vodniki si navadno priskrbijo lastne avtomobile ali kombije, poznajo ceste, običaje in podeželje, kar omogoča ogled majhnih mest in zgodovinskih znamenitosti.

Z letalom

Ogromne razdalje Rusije naredijo potovanje z letalom zelo zaželeno, če nameravate potovati do nekaterih bolj oddaljenih ruskih znamenitosti. Razmisliti je vredno za katero koli destinacijo, ki je dlje od nočne vožnje z vlakom. Potovanje z vlakom po Rusiji se lahko sliši strašno romantično, a je tudi zamudno in precej monotono. Skoraj vsako glavno zanimivo destinacijo ima v bližini letališče. Velika večina domačih letov je v / iz Moskve, obstajajo pa tudi druge storitve.

Ruska domača letalska industrija je imela v devetdesetih letih grozen sloves zaradi negotovih varnostnih evidenc, nezanesljivih voznih redov, groznih storitev, starih letal in slabih letališč. Zaradi bistvenih izboljšav je letalski trg zdaj večinoma dosegel mednarodne standarde. Poleg zelo redkih izjem pri nišnih letih se danes vsi leti izvajajo z najsodobnejšo opremo z odličnimi varnostnimi evidencami. Pravočasna izvedba je tudi danes dobra, zamude se običajno zgodijo le v neugodnih vremenskih razmerah. Po drugi strani pa je večina ruskih prevoznikov kopirala tudi prevoznike po vsem svetu glede dodatnih pristojbin za osvežilne pijače, obroke, prtljago in izbiro sedežev.

Tudi večina ruskih letališč ima mednarodne standarde. Linije za varnost in prijavo so običajno kratke, vendar osebje ne pričakuje angleškega jezika. Če ste opravili spletno ali mobilno prijavo (na voljo za skoraj vsako letalsko družbo), morate imeti natisnjeno vstopno karto. Za tiste potnike, ki se prijavijo z mobilnimi napravami, je na številnih letališčih na voljo majhen samopostrežni kiosk, ki vam omogoča tiskanje neke vrste nalepke za vstopno karto.

Glede na veliko različnih letalskih prevoznikov, ki opravljajo notranje storitve, je dobro uporabiti strani za iskanje letov z več letalskimi prevozniki ali (spletne) potovalne agencije. Vendar spletna mesta, ki so običajna v vaši državi, ne poznajo vseh prevoznikov ali ne prikazujejo najnižjih cen. Zato uporabljajte ruske strani, kot so Biletyplus in Agent.ru.

  • Aeroflot s sedežem na Letališče Sheremetyevo, Moskva, je ruska nacionalna letalska družba z domačimi in mednarodnimi storitvami. Cene letov iz Sankt Peterburga nazaj v Moskvo se razlikujejo, vendar jih lahko dobite za približno 32 ameriških dolarjev (februar 2016), zaradi česar je to cenejše in manj zamudno kot z vlakom. Aeroflot opravlja domače in mednarodne lete s terminala D poleg starega mednarodnega terminala (danes Terminal F), ki služi mednarodnim odhodom, ki niso Aeroflot. Številne mednarodne lete in večino notranjih letov opravljajo letala Boeing in Airbus, čeprav se več regionalnih linij izvaja z uporabo ruske Sukhoi Superjet 100.
  • Letalske družbe S7 (nekdanja Sibirija ali Sibir Airlines) Največji ruski domači prevoznik z mednarodnimi linijami do številnih mest v Nemčiji, na Kitajskem in v nekdanjih sovjetskih republikah.
  • Letalska družba Rossiya ima veliko mrežo s sedežem v Sankt Peterburgu Letališče Pulkovo v večja mesta v Rusiji in v zahodno Evropo.
  • UTair upravlja največjo letalsko floto v Rusiji in se po številu potnikov uvršča med pet največjih ruskih prevoznikov.
  • Yakutia Airlines je sibirski / daljnovzhodni letalski prevoznik z razvejano mrežo letov po Sibiriji in tujini.
Prevoz skozi sani severnih jelenov Nenetsia
  • Rusline
  • Rdeča krila
  • Ural Airlines
  • Nordwind
  • Nordavia opravlja domače in regionalne storitve predvsem v severozahodni regiji
  • Aurora Daljni vzhodni letalski prevoznik opravlja tudi mednarodne lete na Japonsko in Južno Korejo
  • Letalska družba Pobeda nizkocenovni letalski prevoznik z letališča Vnukovo opravlja domače in mednarodne lete
  • Nordstar (letalska družba Taimyr) domači in mednarodni letalski prevoznik
  • Azimut domači in mednarodni nizkocenovni prevoznik s sedežem v Rostovu na Donu in za nekatere svoje lete v Moskvi

Mnoge od teh letalskih družb so bile ustanovljene iz nekdanje operacije Aeroflot v njihovem domačem mestu iz sovjetskih časov, ko je bil stari Aeroflot razpadel.

Za oddaljene lokacije splošno letalstvo je lahko najhitrejša možnost.

Moj čoln

Poleti so na rekah v evropski Rusiji pogosti križarki. Najpogostejše križarjenja so:

Vikend križarjenja, od petka do nedelje

  • Moskva - Uglich - Moskva
  • Sankt Peterburg - Valaam - Sankt Peterburg.
  • Moskva - Konstantinovo - Moskva preko reke Moskve

Križarjenja na dolge razdalje

  • Moskva - Sankt Peterburg prek jezer Ladoga in Onega, 6 noči.
  • Moskva - Yaroslavl - Astrakhan s postanki v različnih mestih
  • Moskva - Jaroslavlj - Rostov na Donu s postanki v različnih mestih.
  • Moskva - Nižnij Novgorod preko reke Oke.

To so glavne proge, pa tudi druge, bolj redke poti. Nekatere križarke, na primer Moskva - Sankt Peterburg, se prodajajo za tuje turiste. Večina križarjenj je krožnih, vendar lahko z ladjami potujete tudi med nekaterimi mesti, če iščete redke enosmerne poti, kot je Nizniy Novgorod - Moskva.

S palcem

Rusija ima zelo živahno avtostop kulture, s številnimi avtoštopskimi klubi obstaja celo Akademija za avtostope. Tekmovanj je veliko. Kljub grozljivkam o slabih stvareh, ki se dogajajo v Rusiji, je na avtobusu razmeroma varno, zlasti na podeželju. V nekaterih regijah Rusi pričakujejo malo denarja za vožnjo.

Glej

Rusija je neizmerna in izjemno dolga glede zanimivosti za obiskovalce, čeprav mnogi ležijo v težko dostopnih delih najbolj oddaljenih dežel planeta. Najbolj znane znamenitosti so v glavnih mestih države in okoli nje Moskva in Saint Petersburg.

Zgodovinske znamenitosti

Trdnjava pri Derbentu

Ruska zgodovina je glavni razlog, zakaj turisti prihajajo v to državo po žrebu njene fascinantne, včasih nadrealistične, pogosto brutalne in vedno posledične nacionalne sage.

Zgodnja zgodovina

Derbent, v Kavkaški republiki Dagestan, je največ v Rusiji starodavno mesto, ki sega 5000 let nazaj. Dom legendarnih Aleksandrovih vrat, obzidanega mesta trdnjave, ki so ga izmenično nadzorovale kavkaška Albanija, perzijska cesarstva in Mongoli (do osvajanja Ruskega imperija v osemnajstem stoletju) je bil 1500 let ključ za nadzor trgovine med Zahodno Rusijo in srednji vzhod. Druga starodavna ruska ljudstva so pustila manj dokazov o svoji civilizaciji, vendar lahko najdete sledove Kurganov Ural, zlasti porušena poganska svetišča in nagrobne grobnice okoli stare prestolnice Ljubljane Tobolsk in po vsej republiki Kakasija.

Od zgodnja Rusija "Mestne države, ena najbolje ohranjenih in najbolj zanimivih Staraya Ladoga, ki je veljal za prvo glavno mesto države, ki ga je ustanovil Viking Rurik, do katerega je prva linija carjev izsledila njihov rod. Novgorod, ustanovljeno leta 859, je bilo najpomembnejše mesto Kijevske Rusije v sodobni Rusiji (s Kijev v današnjem času Ukrajina) in dom prvega ruskega kremlja.

Zgodnjesrednjeveška Rusija videl dve glavni civilizaciji, neodvisno Novgorodsko republiko in Mongolsko cesarstvo, ki je prevladovalo nad ruskimi kneževinami nekdanje Vladimir-Suzdal (katere začetna prestolnica Vladimir ohranja odlično zbirko spomenikov iz 12. stoletja in Kremlj) in Kijevska Rus. Medtem ko so Mongoli za seboj pustili predvsem opustošenje zgodovinskih krajev, je bogata trgovska država na severu razvila velika mesta v prestolnici Novgorod, pa tudi Stara Ladoga, Pskov, in Orešek (sodobni dan Shlisselburg), ki imajo vse ohranjene srednjeveške kremline in množico čudovitih zgodnjeruskih pravoslavnih cerkva, polnih srednjeveških cerkvenih fresk.

Ko je mongolska moč upadala, je Veliko vojvodstvo Moskve vzpostavil oblast in zlasti pod poznejšo vladavino Ivana Groznega utrdil oblast v celotni Zahodni Rusiji, vključno z osvojitvijo Kazan Khanate (in tam ustanovili novo veliko kaštel) in koncentrirali moč v Moskva, gradi svoj kremlj, katedralo sv. Bazilija in več drugih najbolj znanih ruskih zgodovinskih znamenitosti. Mesta v Zlati prstan v okolici Moskve se je v tem obdobju prav tako videla pomembna gradnja. Resnično urejena destinacija, ki ni bila uhojena, se je uveljavila tudi na skrajnem severu države - Samostan Solovecki-trdnja na otokih Belega morja, ki je služila kot oporišče proti vpadom švedske mornarice.

Cesarska zgodovina

Velika kaskada v Peterhof
Poglej tudi: Rusko cesarstvo

Vladavina Ivana Groznega se je končala s tragedijo, časom stiske, ki je zaznamoval le uničenje in propad, do civilizacijskega razvoja pa boste našli le malo dokazov Dinastija Romanov v začetku sedemnajstega stoletja. Peter Veliki je po utrditvi moči začel graditi svoje povsem novo mesto Ljubljana Saint Petersburg na Finskem zalivu, Okno na zahod. Sankt Peterburg je od svoje ustanovitve do neoklasičnega obdobja postal eno najlepših mest na svetu, zato je seznam zanimivih znamenitosti predolg, da bi ga lahko tu razpravljali. Okoliške poletne palače na Peterhof, Pavlovsk, in Puškin so tudi neverjetno bogate zanimivosti.

The Ruska revolucija je bil eden najpomembnejših trenutkov dvajsetega stoletja, ljubitelji zgodovine pa bodo v Sankt Peterburgu našli veliko za videti. Dve najbolj znani kraji se nahajajo v Zimski palači, v katero so komunisti vdrli, da bi odstavili cara Nikolaja II., In čudoviti trdnjavi Petra in Pavla na reki Nevi, v kateri so bili v svojem hladnem, brezizhodnem zaporu številni revolucionarni svetišča. Za tiste, ki jih zanima grozljiv konec družine Romanov Nikolaja II., Ki jih morda navdihuje zgodba o Anastaziji, ne glejte dlje od Cerkve na krvi v Jekaterinburg, zgrajen na kraju usmrtitve njegove družine. Moskvana drugi strani pa ima najbolj znan spomenik iz revolucionarnega obdobja - Leninov sam, z balzamiranim telesom, razstavljenim na Rdečem trgu (proti njegovim željam).

Sovjetska zgodovina

Poglej tudi: Sovjetska zveza

The Sovjetska doba se je drastično spremenil v ruski zgodovini in razvil tako rekoč povsem novo civilizacijo. Programi množične industrializacije so prišli z novim estetskim etosom, ki je poudarjal funkcionalnost (v kombinaciji z grandioznostjo). Ogromne konstruktivistične zgradbe in kipi dvajsetega stoletja se pogosto zasmehujejo kot grde pošasti, vendar so komaj dolgočasne (medtem ko so industrijski kompleksi, ki onesnažujejo mesta od beloruske meje do Tihega oceana, resnične oči).

Oboje druga svetovna vojna in Stalinova strahovlada je močno vplivala na njihovo prisotnost v ruski kulturni dediščini. Z bombardiranji, ki so bile vpletene v prvo, so na ruskem zahodnem zahodu Rusije skoraj izginile vse zgodovinske zanimivosti ( Černozemje regija) in veliko bolj poškodovana po vsej evropski Rusiji. Vendar pa je pripeljalo do gradnje spomenikov vojni po vsej državi. Za vojaške navdušence obisk Mamaev Kurgana, muzejskega kompleksa na Volgograd (nekdanji Stalingrad) je odlična destinacija. Kurskza svojo ogromno tankovsko bitko in Saint Petersburg, mesto obleganja Leningrada, naredite zanimive destinacije.

Motherland Calls, ki se nadvija nad bojnim poljem v Stalingradu, na vrhu Mamajev Kurgan

Morda je najbolj žalostna med sovjetskimi zapuščinami mreža zaporniških taborišč, znana kot Arhipelag Gulag. Izraz Arhipelag resnično ne zajema obsega trpljenja na 10.000 kilometrov hladne stepe. Morda so najbolj zanimiva spletna mesta za tiste, ki jih zanima ta zapuščina, na Solovetski otoki v Belem morju in uničujoče mračen sistem Kolimskega gulaga v Magadanska oblast. Če ste upali videti, kje je bil zaprt Aleksander Solženjicin, boste morali čez ruske meje Ekibastuz v Kazahstan.

Kulturne znamenitosti

Rusija ima nekaj največjih na svetu muzeji, zlasti na področju vizualna umetnost. The Muzej Hermitage v Saint Petersburg je resnična zvezda, z ogromno zbirko, ki so jo najprej nabrali bogati carji (zlasti njegova ustanoviteljica Katarina Velika), kasneje pa Sovjeti in Rdeča armada (ki so nacisti zasegli ogromen zaklad, ki pa je izkoristil njihovo bogastvo iz njihovih vojn po vsem svetu). Prav tako impresivna je zgradba, v kateri je razstavljena zbirka, veličastna Zimska palača dinastije Romanov. Ruski muzej, ki ga pogosto spregledajo v Sankt Peterburgu, bi moral biti tudi prednostna naloga, saj ima v državi drugo najboljšo zbirko povsem ruske umetnosti, od ikon iz desetega stoletja do modernih gibanj, v katerih je revolucionarna Rusija vodila naboj pred ostalimi sveta. MoskvaUmetniški muzeji, le malo manj znani, vključujejo Galerija Tretjakov (premierna zbirka ruske umetnosti) in Puškinov muzej zahodne umetnosti.

Druge muzejske razstave, ki jih je vsekakor vredno poiskati, so zbirke starine v Sankt Peterburgu in Moskvi, zlasti v muzeju Ermitaž in orožarni v moskovskem Kremlju. Za vojaške navdušence, rusko vojaški muzeji so pogosto fantastični, resnično najboljši na svetu, ne glede na to, ali ste v enem izmed glavnih v Moskvi - Centralnem muzeju oboroženih sil, Muzeju tankov Kubinka, Centralnem muzeju letalstva, Muzeju Velike domovinske vojne ( 2. svetovna vojna) ali oddaljena pokrajina. Druga kategorija, v kateri ruski muzeji zasenčijo preostali svet, bi bila znotraj literarni in glasbeni krogle. Mesto, ki ga je Aleksander Puškin obiskal, čeprav le za en dan, nima majhnega muzeja, posvečenega njegovemu življenju in delom. Najboljši med velikimi mestnimi muzeji so muzej Bulgakov v Moskvi in ​​muzeji Ane Ahmatove, Puškina in Dostojevskega v Sankt Peterburgu. V mirnejših predelih države, v poletni hiši Dostojevskega v Ljubljani, čakajo velike dogodivščine Staraya Russa, Tolstojeva "nedostopna literarna trdnjava" na Yasnaya Polyana, Podeželsko posestvo Čehova na Melikhovo, Hiša Čajkovskega v Ljubljani Klin ali oddaljenega domačega kraja Votkinsk v Udmurtija, Poletni dom Rakhmaninova v Ljubljani Ivanovka, Puškinovo posestvo na Pushkinskie Gory, ali Turgenjevovo posestvo na Spasskoe-Lutovinovo blizu Mtsensk. Najboljši muzeji so na podeželju. Za ljubitelje klasične glasbe so apartmajski muzeji različnih skladateljev devetnajstega in stoletja v Sankt Peterburgu vredni več kot le nostalgična potepanja - pogosto imajo majhne nastope neverjetnih glasbenikov.

Kazanmošeja Qolşärif

Vsi turisti v Rusiji si ogledujejo veliko cerkva. Cerkvena arhitektura je med Rusi pomemben ponos, čebulna kupola pa je nedvomno pomemben nacionalni simbol. V dvajsetem stoletju se je na žalost videl kulturni vandalizem v uničenju omenjene arhitekture brez primere. Toda ogromno čudovitih starih samostanov in cerkva je zagotovilo, da ostane ogromno zbirk. Najbolj znani, kot ponavadi, so v Saint Petersburg in Moskva, zlasti stara baročna cerkev na krvi, Aleksander Nevski lavra ter monumentalna Kazan in katedrala svetega Izaka v prvi, katedrala svetega Bazilija in masivna cerkev Marijinega oznanjenja v drugi. Duhovni dom Ruske pravoslavne cerkve najdemo v Trojični lavri sv. Sergija v Ljubljani Sergiev Posad na Zlati prstan vezje (lavra je oznaka najpomembnejših samostanov, od katerih sta v državi le dva), čeprav je sedež cerkve v samostanu Danilov v Moskvi. Samostan Kirillo-Belozersky v Vologdska oblast se pogosto šteje za drugo najpomembnejšo Rusijo (in je lep način, da se umaknemo s poti). Druge posebej znane cerkve in samostani najdete v katedrali svete Sofije v Ljubljani Novgorod, katedrala Marijinega vnebovzetja v Ljubljani Vladimir, fascinantna stara katedrala Königsberg (dom grobnice Immanuela Kanta) v Ljubljani Kalinjingrad, Samostan Novodevichy v Moskvi, Optina Putsin (osnova za samostan patra Zossime v Ljubljani) Brata Karamazovi) in Samostan Volokolamsk v Zahodno-moskovska oblast. Kizhi Pogost na Oneškem jezeru in samostan Valaam na Ladoško jezero so tudi priljubljena spletna mesta, zlasti s tistimi, ki plujejo med Sankt Peterburgom in Moskvo.

Cerkvena arhitektura pa se ne konča z Rusko pravoslavno cerkvijo - Rusija ima tudi bogastvo islamske in budistične arhitekture. Najpomembnejše mošeje v državi so mošeja Qolşärif v Ljubljani Kazan (največja mošeja v Evropi) in Modra mošeja v Sankt Peterburgu (prvotno največja mošeja v Evropi!). Na tem seznamu izstopa moskovska katedralna mošeja, ki je prej veljala za glavno mošejo v državi, vendar je bila leta 2011 zelo kontroverzno porušena. Oba najpomembnejša budistična templja v Rusiji sta Kalmikija—Evropska samohrana budistična republika in območja bližje Mongoliji, zlasti okoli Ulan Ude v Burjatija in Kyzyl, Tuva.

Naravne znamenitosti

Medtem ko so razdalje med njima velike, so ruske naravne čudeže impresivne in vredne iskanja za ljubitelje narave. Večina države je bogata z Evrazijske prostoživeče živali. Najbolj znane destinacije so daleč na vzhodu v Sibiriji, s Bajkalsko jezero znan kot "dragulj". Na skrajnem vzhodnem koncu Rusije, skoraj vse do Japonske in Aljaske, je divja Kamčatka, kjer boste našli dolino geiserjev, kisla jezera, vulkane in grizlije v izobilju.

Narodni park Yugyd Va v Ljubljani Deviški gozdovi Komi

Drugi poudarki Daljnji vzhod vključite idilično (če je mraz) Kurilski otoki na jugu Kamčatke kit opazuje ob obali Arktike Otok Wrangel, daljinski upravljalnik Pogorje Sikhote-Alin, dom Amurskega tigra in čudovit Sahalin. Tudi naravni rezervati v teh delih so spektakularni, vendar bodo vsi zahtevali dovoljenja vnaprej in posebne oglede.

Severna polovica Rusije se razteza na tisoče kilometrov od Ljubljane Republika Komi skozi Kamčatka je v bistvu prazna divjina, večinoma gorata in vedno lepa. Prihod na ta območja je problematičen, saj večine ne vodijo nobene ceste, infrastruktura ali kaj drugega. Velike ruske reke sever-jug so glavne žile za vse, ki se premikajo po območju: Pechora, Ob, Yenisey, Lena in Kolyma. Poleg tega boste pričakovali, da boste v kanujih, helikopterjih in vojaških džipih edini način za prevoz, verjetno pa boste želeli iti z vodnikom.

Ruski drugo gorsko ozemlje je na skrajnem jugu, v Ljubljani Severni Kavkaz. Tam boste našli najvišje evropske gore, ki se v višino dvigajo nad Alpe, vključno z mogočnimi Elbrus. Med priljubljena ruska letovišča na tem območju spadajo kraji na Soči (ki je gostila zimske olimpijske igre 2014) in Dombai. Ko gremo bolj proti vzhodu na Severnem Kavkazu, postajajo pokrajine vedno dramatičnejše od bujnih gozdnatih sotesk in zasneženih vrhov Čečenija do močnih puščavskih gora Dagestan, ki se spušča navzdol do Kaspijskega morja.

Po vsej državi je več kot sto narodnih parkov in naravnih rezervatov (zapovedniki). Prvi so odprti za javnost in bistveno bolj divji in nerazviti, kot bi jih našli v recimo ZDA. Slednje so ohranjene predvsem za znanstvene raziskave in jih pogosto ni mogoče obiskati. Dovoljenja se izdajo za določene rezerve, vendar le prek pooblaščenih organizatorjev potovanj. Če pa imate priložnost, jo izkoristite! Nekateri najbolj spektakularni parki so na omenjeni Kamčatki, pa tudi na Uralu, zlasti v gorah Altaj (Republika Altaj in Altajska pokrajina).

Poti

Ali

Razkošno gledališče Mariinsky v Sankt Peterburgu
  • Glasba - Rusija ima dolgo glasbeno tradicijo in je dobro znana po svojih skladateljih in izvajalcih. Brez dvoma boste našli več nastopov orkestra, večje kot bo mesto. Klasična glasba igra v različnih gledališčih, kjer so za tedne naprej predvideni domači in gostujoči koncerti. Rusija ima eno najmočnejših tradicij klasične glasbe na svetu, saj so nastali številni veliki skladatelji, kot so Čajkovski, Musorgski, Rahmanjinov in Prokofjev, Moskovski konservatorij pa še danes velja za enega najboljših na svetu. Poleg tega država podpira ljudske zasedbe v manjših mestih ali celo vaseh, petja babušk pa so na mnogih področjih še vedno ustaljena tradicija. Na območjih, ki so tradicionalno naseljena z neruskimi etničnimi skupinami, lahko naletite na etnično glasbo vseh možnih zvokov, kot je Tuva ali redki inštrumenti od Čukotka. Včasih se lahko samo strokovnjaki razlikujejo od kozaških pesmi Ural iz kozaških pesmi Krasnodar. Profesionalni jazzisti se srečajo na Jazz nad Volgo festival v Ljubljani Yaroslavl. Sprehod po glavni ulici v nedeljo vam bo zagotovo omogočil, da boste v katerem koli mestu slišali kitaro, saksofon, harmonij ali flavto.
  • Vojaška parada na dan zmage, ki se praznuje 9. maja, je na splošno vseruski praznik, na mestnih trgih se polnijo uniformirani vojaški vojaški vozili, tako iz Velike domovinske vojne / druge svetovne vojne, kot tudi z novimi. The Dan zagovornika domovine je praznik, ko ženske v družinah ali na delovnem mestu čestitajo svojim moškim in sodelavcem. Zgodi se 23. februarja, le nekaj tednov preden moški vrnejo uslugo damam Mednarodni dan žena, 8. marca.
  • Ples. Ruski klasični balet je znan po vsem svetu, nekatere nacionalne čete pa obstajajo tudi na tako oddaljenih območjih, kot je Dagestan ali Yakutia. Dve najbolj priznani ruski baletni družbi, ki veljata za eno najboljših na svetu, sta Bolšoj balet v Moskvi in ​​na Mariinski balet v Sankt Peterburgu. Lezginka je živahen ljudski ples, ki se vedno izvaja na velikih koncertih Kavkaški dogodkov. Če vas zanima ljudski slog, si oglejte koncert Ansambel Igorja Moisejeva živ je preprosto treba. Med velikimi mesti boste zlahka našli irske klube za ples, trebuh in žogo, da ne govorimo o hip-hopu in vsem.
  • Kino festivali. Najpomembnejši filmski dogodek v Rusiji je Moskovski mednarodni filmski festival konec junija v desetih dneh in se ponašajo z prvovrstnimi zvezdami z vsega sveta. Kinotavr od Soči, Moskovski Festival Latinske Amerike in mednarodni filmski festival Zerkalo, named after Andrei Tarkovsky, in Ivanovo are also of interest for film fans.
  • Watch sports: - Hokej na ledu is the leading sport. 23 teams contest the KHL (Kontinental Hockey League), with four based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg; there are also teams from Helsinki, Riga, Minsk and Beijing.
- Football - 16 teams play soccer in the Russian Premier League, the country's top tier; five are based in Moscow and one in St Petersburg. The playing season is August-May with a three month mid-winter break. The national team don't have a fixed home stadium but move north or south with the seasons.

Življenje na prostem

What about an icebreaker cruise?

The association between Russia and its two biggest metropolises, Moscow and St Petersburg, is strong in the minds of tourists, but given its vast expanses and low population density, Russia is a nature lovers paradise as well. Russia has a network of exceptional natural areas, comprising 35 National Parks and 100 Nature Reserves (zapovednik) covering a total land mass larger than Nemčija.List of Russian Nature Reserves (in Russian) one can find tukaj

Some Russian Nature Reserves on the internet:

Provided your paperwork is in order, you may visit these areas independently. For those wishing to seek guidance, there are travel agencies specializing in ecotourism in Russia such as:

Whitewater rafting

Nakup

Denar

Exchange rates for Russian ruble

As of September 2020:

  • US$1 ≈ 75руб
  • €1 ≈ 89руб
  • UK£1 ≈ 97руб
  • Japanese ¥100 ≈ 71руб
  • Chinese ¥1 ≈ 11руб

Tečaji nihajo. Trenutne cene za te in druge valute so na voljo pri XE.com

The Moscow GUM—one of the world's most beautiful shopping malls, right on Red Square

Throughout its history Russia has had various versions of the ruble (рубль), which is divided into 100 kopeks (копеек). The latest manifestation, whose ISO code is RUB (replacing the RUR), was introduced in 1998 (although all notes and first issues of coins bear the year 1997). All pre-1998 currency is obsolete. The ruble is sometimes symbolised using ₽, but Wikivoyage will use руб to denote the currency.

Coins are issued in 1, 5, 10, and 50 kopek and 1, 2, 5 and 10 руб denominations. Banknotes come in 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 руб banknotes. The 5-ruble note is no longer issued or found in general circulation. The 10-ruble note ceased being printed in 2010 and will suffer the same fate, but as of 2018 is still found in circulation. Both remain legal tender. Kopeks are generally useless, with most prices given to the nearest ruble. The 1- and 5-kopek coins are especially useless: even places that quote prices in non -whole rubles will round to the nearest 10 kopeks or ruble.

All banknotes have special marks (dots and lines in relief) to aid the blind in distinguishing values.

Russian law forbids payments other than in rubles.

Travellers cheques are generally inconvenient (only some banks, such as Sberbank, will cash even American Express, though they do it without commission). So bring enough cash to last you for a few days, or rely on ATMs and credit card transactions.

Currency exchange offices (called bureaus in Saint Petersburg) are common throughout Russia in banks and, in the larger cities, small currency exchange bureaus. Banks tend to offer slightly worse rates but are more trustworthy. Hotels generally offer much worse rates but could be useful in an emergency. You need to show your passport to change money at a bank and fill in copious amounts of time wasting forms.

Take your time to count how much money you received; different ways are sometimes used to trick the customer, including better rates, prominently displayed, for large transactions and worse rates, difficult to find, for small transactions.

Branches of large banks can be found in any major city. Sberbank has a presence even in unexpectedly small villages.

US dollars and euros are generally better bought outside Russia and then swapped to rubles once in Russia as changing other currencies, while possible, will not attract great rates. You can check the rates that are being traded in Moscow na spletu.

You will have an easier time changing clean, new banknotes. US dollars should be the current issues, although changing older versions shouldn't be impossible.

Don't change money on the street. Unlike during Soviet times, there is no advantage to dealing with an unofficial vendor. There are several advanced street exchange scams so better not to give them a chance.

Bankomati, called bankomats (банкомат), are common in large cities and can generally be found in smaller cities and towns. Though some may not accept foreign cards. English language interface is available. Some may also dispense US dollars. Russian ATMs often have a withdrawal limit of around 100000—150000 руб. (US $1,500—$2,000) per day. Big hotels are good places to find them.

In Moscow and Saint Petersburg almost all shops, restaurants, and services take kreditne kartice. Visa/MasterCard are more accepted than American Express; Discover, Diners Club and other cards are rarely accepted.

Muzeji and sightseeing places take cash and credit cards, with rare exceptions.

Train stations may accept plastic, even outside the big cities, be sure to ask as it won't always be obvious. Otherwise take plenty of cash. ATM machines at train station are popular and often out of cash, so stock up before going to the train station.

Taksiji rarely accept credit cards even in large cities. This needs to be checked before boarding. Emphasize that you need a card-accepting cab accepting when ordering it through hotel concierge or a bell-boy. However in big cities there are a number of taxi services (such as Uber, Yandex Taxi or Gett) that accept online payments by cards and can be called by iOS or Android applications.

Like anywhere in the world, it's better to avoid street ATMs (or at least to be very careful), as sometimes swindlers attach spy devices to them, to get your PIN and card details; the safest option is the ATMs in hotels, banks or big shopping centres.

Prekuhavanje

Medtem prevrnitev was traditionally frowned upon in Russia it has been emerging after the fall of socialism. Tipping is not necessary, but expected. A tip exceeding 10% would be unusual. Some restaurants may include service into the amount, but that is very rare; if a service charge is included then a tip is not expected. Round up when paying your bill at a restaurant, particularly if it happens to be more or less like 10% above the total, and it maja be interpreted as a tip. If the service was particularly bad and you don't want to leave a tip, ask for your change. je impossible to write-in a tip into restaurant credit-card payment.

Tipping is not considered customary for taxis, in fact, you should negotiate and settle upon your fare before you get in the taxi.

Nakupovanje

In general, Russian-made items are cheap although Russia has become a major player in the luxury goods market, but products imported from the West are often expensive.

Hrana

  • Čokolada (шоколад) — Russian chocolate is very good
  • Ice-cream (мороженое) - Russian ice-cream also especially good. In general check dairy products, you may like them.
  • Halva (халва) — it's different from the Turkish kind (in that it's made of sunflower seeds, rather than sesame), but Rot-Front products are really good
  • Draga (мёд) — produced around the country; sorts and quality vary dramatically, but the higher-quality are worth seeking. Moskva hosts a honey market in Kolomenskoe some part of the year. A number of honey shops working all the year round can be found on VDNKh/VVTs grounds.
  • Red caviar (красная икра) — Before buying, examine or ask if it's "salmon caviar", because there is a risk of "knock-off" due to about 30 species of fish which give a caviar of red colour. And this knock-off caviar often tastes bad.
  • Black caviar (черная икра) — is still possible to buy. High risk of knock-off. But it is considered a delicacy and it is expensive.
  • Sturgeon meat (осетр, белуга) and meat of other fish of the sturgeon family. Considered one of the top delicacies in Russia. Very expensive but very tasty.
  • Hard cheese — mostly produced in Altai; occasionally available from there in large stores in Moscow
  • Sparkling wine (шампанское) — Sparkling wine, "Russian Champagne" is surprisingly good (Abrau-Durso is believed to be the best brand, yet there are other good ones, too). Make sure you order it "suKHOye" (dry) or Brut. Many restaurants serve it at room temperature, but if you request it "cold" they can usually find a semi-chilled bottle. The cost is surprisingly low also, about US$10

Drugo

  • Matryoshka (матрёшка) — a collection of traditionally painted wooden dolls, each one stacking neatly within another
  • Ushanka (ушанка) — a warm hat with ears (ushi)
  • Samovar (самовар) — an indigenous design for brewing tea. If you are buying samovars of value (historical, precious gems or metal, etc.), it is wise to check with customs before attempting to take it out of the country
  • Winter coats in department stores are well made, stylish and excellent values
  • Military greatcoats (sheeNEL) available in hard-to-find stores of military equipment
  • Down pillows of very high quality are to be found
  • Skin-care products. While when it comes to make up, you'll find all the same products, that are popular on the West, a lot of people prefer locally produced skin-care products because of their superior price/quality combination. Brands to check: Nevskaya cosmetica (Невская косметика) and Greenmama
  • Gjel' (Гжель) — porcelain with cool authentic Russian ornaments.
  • Khokhloma (Хохлома) — wooden tableware with flower-like paintings, red,gold,black colors.
  • Luxury products— Russia has become the go-to place for people seeking luxury goods. For example you can buy limited edition IPhones made with rare materials. You can buy Faberge eggs.

Supermarkets

There are a number of cheap food/goods chains.

  • Billa. A bit more expensive than the others. 
  • Perekrestok (Перекресток). Also one of more expensive ones. 
  • Vrtiljak (Карусель). 
  • Auchan (Ашан). A French supermarket chain. One of the cheapest, notorious for occasionally selling out-of-date food, so double-check expiry dates; however, it is mostly OK.
  • Magnit (Магнит). 
  • [mrtva povezava]Pyatyorochka (Пятёрочка). 
  • Lenta. (Лента) 
  • Diksi. (Дикси) 
  • O'Kay. (О'Кей) 

Stroški

Jej

Bliny buckwheat pancakes with salmon roe (ikra), sour cream (smetana) and chopped onion
Poglej tudi: Russian cuisine

The foundations of the Russian cuisine was laid by the peasant food in an often harsh climate, with a combination of fish, poultry, game, mushrooms, berries, and honey. Crops of rye, wheat, buckwheat, barley, and millet provided the ingredients for a plethora of breads, pancakes, cereals, kvass, beer, and vodka. Flavourful soups and stews centred on seasonal or storable produce, fish, and meats. Russia's renowned caviar is easily obtained, however prices can exceed the expenses of your entire trip. Dishes such as beef Stroganov and chicken kiev, from the pre-revolutionary era are available but mainly aimed at tourists as they lost their status and visibility during Soviet times.

Russia has for many decades suffered a negative reputation for its food, and Russian cuisine was known for being bland and overly stodgy. However, the food scene has improved in the past years and Russia has also been known and famous for delicacies like caviar.

Russian specialities include:

  • Ikra (sturgeon or salmon caviar)
  • Pelmeni (meat-filled dumplings, similar to pot-stickers, especially popular in Ural and Siberian regions)
  • Blini (thin white flour or buckwheat pancakes, similar to French crepes)
  • Black bread (rye bread, somewhat similar to one used by North American delis and not as dense as German variety)
  • Piroshki (aka Belyashi - small pies or buns with sweet or savoury filling)
  • Golubtsy (Cabbage rolls)
  • Ikra Baklazhanaya (aubergine spread)
  • Okroshka (Cold soups based on kvass or sour milk)
  • Schi (cabbage soup) and Green schi (sorrel soup, may be served cold)
  • Borsch (Ukrainian beet and cabbage soup)
  • Vinegret (salad of boiled beets, eggs, potato, carrots, pickles and other vegetables with vinegar, mustard, vegetable oil and/or mayonnaise)
  • Olivier (Russian version of potato salad with peas, meat, eggs, carrots, and pickles)
  • Shashlyk (various kebabs from the Caucasus republics of the former Soviet Union)
  • Seledka pod shuboy (fresh salted herring with "vinegret")
  • Kholodets (aka Studen' - meat, garlic and carrots in meat aspic)
  • Kvass (a fermented thirst-quenching beverage made from rye bread, sugar and yeast, similar to young low-alcohol beer)
  • Limonad (various soft drinks)
Pelmeni meat dumplings with three dipping sauces

Both Saint Petersburg and Moscow offer sophisticated, world class dining and a wide variety of cuisines including Japonski, Tibetan and Italijansko. They are also excellent cities to sample some of the best cuisines of the former Soviet Union (e.g., Georgian and Uzbek). It is also possible to eat well and cheaply there without resorting to the many western fast food chains that have opened up. Russians have their own versions of fast food restaurants which range from cafeteria style serving comfort foods to streetside kiosks cooking up blinis, shawerma/gyros, piroshki/belyashi, stuffed potatoes, etc. Although their menus may not be in English, it is fairly easy to point to what is wanted — or at a picture of it, not unlike at western fast food restaurants. A small Russian dictionary will be useful at non- touristy restaurants offering table service where staff members will not speak English and the menus will be entirely in Cyrillic, but prices are very reasonable. Russian meat soups and meat pies are excellent.

It is better not to drink the tap water in Russia and to avoid using ice in drinks, however bottled water, kvass, limonad, and Coca Cola are available everywhere food is served.

Stylish cafes serving cappuccino, espresso, toasted sandwiches, rich cakes and pastries are popping up all over Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Some do double duty as wine bars, others are also internet cafes.

Unlike the United States, cafes in Russia (кафе) serve not only drinks, but also a full range of meals (typically cooked in advance—unlike restaurants where part or whole cooking cycle is performed after you make an order).

Dining etiquette

Generally speaking, Russian table maners follow traditional European norms.

  • When having food with hosts, Do not get up until you are invited to leave the table. This is not considered polite.
  • The hosts might get quite persistent when offering an alcoholic drink. You will often have to be very firm if you want to reject that second (or third, fourth, tenth...) shot. Claiming problems with medicine or pregnancy is always an imperfect option. Simply and grimly stating that you are an alcoholic can do the job too, but will depress your hosts.
  • You will often be urged to take second helpings ad infinitum. If so, take it as a form of respect. Moreover, they really will love you if you keep eating.
  • Do not rest your elbows on the table. This is considered rude (especially for kids).
  • When a mixed group of people dine together, often the bill is split among the men, and the women are not expected to pay. This may not always be the case, so it's better to follow the example of your fellow diners.

Tipping in restaurants

Restaurant staff in Russia are not as dependent on tips as in the Združene države, but tipping is still encouraged, even if it is not common among the locals. A tip of 10% of the total bill, usually paid by rounding up the invoice amount, would be reasonably generous. Don't tip in cafeteria-like settings, where you travel along the counter with a tray and pay at the cash register. Drop a couple of 10-ruble coins (or the older notes) into the tip jar for staff. There is no way to leave a tip on your credit card so keep enough small notes in your wallet to hand to the staff.

Pijte

Vodka, imported liquors (rum, gin, etc.), international soft-drinks (Pepsi, Coca- Cola, Fanta, etc.), local soft drinks (Tarhun, Buratino, Baikal, etc.), distilled water, kvas (sour-sweet non-alcoholic naturally carbonized drink made from fermented dark bread) and mors (traditional wild berry drink).

Pivo (пиво) is cheap in Russia and the varieties are endless of both Russian and international brands. It is found for sale at any street vendor (warm) or stall (varies) in the centre of any city and costs (costs double and triple the closer you are to the centre) from about 17 руб do 130 руб for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) bottle or can. "Small" bottles and cans (0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) and thereabouts) are also widely sold, and there are also plastic bottles of 1, 1.5, 2 litres (0.22, 0.33, 0.44 imp gal; 0.26, 0.40, 0.53 US gal) or even more, similar to those in which soft carbonated drinks are usually sold — many cheaper beers are sold that way and, being even cheaper due to large volume, are quite popular, despite some people say it can have a "plastic" taste. Corner stores/cafés, selling draft beer (highly recommended) also exist, but you have to seek them out. The highest prices (especially in the bars and restaurants) are traditionally in Moscow; Saint-Petersburg, on the other hand, is known for the cheaper and often better beers. Smaller cities and towns generally have similar prices if bought in the shop, but significantly lower ones in the bars and street cafes. Popular local brands of beer are Baltika, Stary Mel'nik, Bochkareff, Zolotaya Bochka, Tin'koff and many others. Locally made (mainly except some Czech and possibly some other European beers — you won't miss these, the price of a "local" Czech beer from the same shelf will be quite different) international trademarks like Holsten, Carlsberg, etc. are also widely available, but their quality doesn't differ so much from local beers. Soft drinks usually start from 20-30 руб (yes, same or even more expensive than an average local beer in a same shop) and can cost up to 60 руб or more in the Moscow center for a 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal) plastic bottle or 0.33 liters (0.073 imp gal; 0.087 U.S. gal) can.

Cheap beer (less than 50 руб per 0.5 liters (0.11 imp gal; 0.13 U.S. gal)) may not contain natural ingredients at all and can cause an allergic reaction.

High quality and popular domestic vodkas on the table: Russian Standard and Zelyonaya Marka

Street vendors usually operate mainly in tourist- and local-frequented areas, and many of them (especially those who walk around without a stall) are working without a license, usually paying some kind of a bribe to local police. Their beer, however, is usually okay, as it was just bought in a nearby shop. In the less weekend-oriented locations, large booths ("lar'ki" or "palatki", singular: "laryok" ("stall") or "palatka" (literally, "tent")) can be found everywhere, especially near metro stations and bus stops. They sell soft drinks, beer, and "cocktails" (basically a cheap soft drink mixed with alcohol, a bad hangover is guaranteed from the cheaper ones. Many of these alcohol cocktails contain taurine and large doses of caffeine and are popular with the nightlife fans) and their prices, while still not high, are often 20-40% more than those in supermarkets. The chain supermarkets (excluding some "elite" ones) and malls (mostly on bigger cities' outskirts) are usually the cheapest option for buying drinks (for food, the local markets in the smaller cities, but not in Moscow, are often cheaper). Staff of all of these (maybe except in some supermarkets, if you're lucky) do not speak or, at the best, speak very basic English even in Moscow. And furthermore, staff of many markets in Moscow and other large cities speak very basic Russian (its mainly migrants from Middle Asia).

Mixed alcoholic beverages as well as beers at nightclubs and bars are extremely expensive and are served without ice, with the mix (for example, coke) and alcohol charged for separately. Bringing your own is neither encouraged nor allowed, and some (usually dance-all-night venues oriented to the young crowd) places in Moscow even can take some measures to prevent customers from drinking outside (like a face-control who may refuse an entry on return, or the need to pay entry fee again after going out), or even from drinking the tap water instead of overpriced soft drinks by leaving only hot water available in the lavatories. Any illegal drugs are best avoided by the people not accustomed to the country — the enforcement is, in practice, focused on collecting more bribes from those buying and taking, rather than on busting drug-dealers, the people selling recreational illegal drugs in the clubs are too often linked with (or watched by) police; plain-clothes policemen know and frequently visit the venues where drugs are popular, and you will likely end up in a lot of problems with notoriously corrupt Russian police and probably paying multi-thousand-dollar (if not worse) bribe to get out, if you'll get caught. It really doesn't worth the risk here.

Vina (вино) from Georgia, Crimea and Moldova are quite popular. In Moscow and Saint Petersburg, most restaurants have a selection of European wines—generally at a high price. Russians prefer sweet wine rather than dry. French Chablis is widely available at restaurants and is of good quality. The Chablis runs about 240 руб per glass. All white wines are served room temperature unless you are at an international hotel that caters to Westerners.

Sovjetski šampanjec (Советское Шампанское, Sovetskoye Shampanskoye) or, more politically correctly, just sparkling wine (Игристые вина, Igristie vina) is also served everywhere in the former Soviet Union at a reasonable price. The quality can be quite good but syrupy-sweet to Western tastes, as by far the most common variety is polusladkoye (semi-sweet), similar to Asti Spumanti, but the better brands also come in polusukhoe (semi-dry) and sukhoe (dry) varieties. Brut also exists but is rare. The original producer was Abrau-Dyurso, but Ukrainian brands like Odessa in Krymskoe, are also very popular. Among quality Russian brands, the best brands originate from the southern regions where grapes are widely grown. One of a quality Russian brands is the historic Abrau-Dyurso (200-700 руб for a bottle in the supermarket depending on variety); Tsimlyanskoe (150-250 руб) is also popular. The quality of the cheapest ones (from 85-120 руб, depending on where you buy) varies, with some local Moscow and St. Petersburg brands (produced out of Crimean and southern Russian grapes) being quite good. You can buy if you do want to have a try while not paying much, but it's wiser to stick to something better.

How it should be: a Soviet-made bochka dispensing kvass on a hot day in Kaliningrad

Good genuine kvass (квас) is non-trivial to buy. Non-refrigirated PET bottles typically contain an imitation of varying quality. A reasonably close to genuine product can be found in some supermarkets in refrigerators. The key difference is that it is specifically marked to store in a refrigerator or the bottle may explode.

In warm periods, genuine kvass can be bought from huge metal barrels on trailers (bochkas). Originally a symbol of soviet summertime, bochkas became rare after 1991. Soviet nostalgia and these trailers' no-nonsense good functionality have given them a revival. There are also modern, plastic, stationary, upright barrel-like dispensers but these may not sell the genuine article. Towards the end of an especially hot day, avoid genuine kvass from bochkas as it may have soured.

Medovukha (медовуха) aka mead, the ancient drink brewed from many a century ago by most Europeans was widespread among ancient Russians. It has semi-sweet taste based on fermented honey and contains 10-16% alcohol. You may see it sold in bottles or poured in cups in fast-food outlets and shops.

Čaj (чай) is drunk widely in Russia. Most Russians drink black tea with either sugar, lemon, honey or jam.

Spi

Gleaming towers, symbols of Volga natural gas wealth, in Samara

In most cities, quality hotels are really scarce: most were built in Soviet times decades ago and have been renovated in decor, but rarely in service and attitude. Even for a local, it's quite a problem to find a good hotel without a recommendation from a trusted person. For the same reason, it may be really hard to find a hotel during mass tourist-oriented events like St. Petersburg's anniversary.

Generally a chained-brand hotels provide better service than independents.

Hotels in Russia may be quite expensive in metropolises and touristy areas. If you do speak a bit of Russian and are not entirely culture shocked, it is much smarter to seek out and rent a room in a private residence. Most Russians are looking to make extra money and, having space to spare, will rent it out to a tourist gladly. Native Moscovites or residents of Saint Petersburg would rather rent out to tourists than their own countrymen: foreigners are considered more trustworthy and orderly. Expect to pay US$60-70 a night (usually with breakfast prepared by your host), and the accommodations will certainly be very clean and proper if not modern. When it comes to home/family life, Russian culture is very warm and inviting.

Another useful option is short-term apartment rental offered by small companies or individuals. This means that certain flats in regular living buildings are permanently rented out on a daily basis. The flats may differ in their location and quality (from old-fashioned to renovated), but in any case you get a one- or two-room apartment with own kitchen, toilet, and bath. Additionally, the hosts provide bed linen as well as cups, plates, and other kitchen equipment. The apartment rental provides great autonomy and flexibility (e.g., there is no strict check-out time). On the other hand, you do not get certain hotel facilities, such as breakfast, laundry service, etc. The price for the daily apartment rental normally does not exceed the price for the hotel of similar quality, so it is a very useful options, especially in large cities. The negotiations are usually quite official: the host collects the data from your ID, while you get a bill and a rental agreement.

A new phenomenon has been the development of "mini-hotels" in large Russian cities. Such hotels usually (but not necessarily!) provide clean modern rooms with private baths at far lower costs than conventional large hotels, approximately US$60 vs. well over US$150. These small hotels are located within existing apartment buildings and include one, two, or more floors located a story or two above street level. They also often serve breakfast. Saint Petersburg has quite a few with more opening all of the time and some are appearing in Moscow.

Couchsurfing is very popular in Russian cities.

Nauči se

The Moscow State University mammoth, one of the "severn sisters". Who said Stalinist architecture wasn't cool?

Russia has a long-standing tradition in high-quality education for all citizens. It also has one of the best mass-education systems in the world, with excellent results at international educational competitions. Moskovska državna univerza is Russia's most prestigious university, while the Moskovski konservatorij is one of the world's foremost institutions for aspiring klasična glasba performers.

One of the great attractions of education in Russia is the cost, especially when compared to the quality. Degree study tuition can range from US$2,000 to $8,000 per year, with other costs (room & board, books, etc.) ranging from US$1,500 to $5,000 per year, depending on location and spending habits.

The academic year lasts from September 1st to mid June everywhere, with long summer vacations from July 1st to August 31st. The year is divided at "autumn semester"(from 1st September to 25th January) and "spring semester" (from February to June)

Several universities and private schools offer Rusko language courses with either individual or group tuition.

Delo

It is generally difficult to obtain a work permit, as Russia has a relatively strict immigration policy.

Ostani varen

Opozorilo o potovanjuOPOZORILO: Many governments recommend against travel to the Severni Kavkaz due to ongoing conflict within the region. It is not safe to travel with 10 km of the eastern border of Ukraine. Most countries do not recognize the annexation of Krim by Russia, and do not provide consular services there.
(Podatki so bili nazadnje posodobljeni septembra 2020)

Largely because of the transition from state socialism to market capitalism, Russia did experience a rise in criminal activity during the 1990s. As those who controlled capital through the state had to reconfigure their business operations towards a free enterprise rationality, profiteering and scams have increased. The truth is that crime was greatly exaggerated in the media, and for the average tourist Moscow, Saint Petersburg and the rest of Russia are actually just as safe as most major Evropski mesta. This, however, is not nenehno the case.

Zločin

Alas, there is a whole Lada police corruption in Russia.

Historically very high, the crime rate has fallen dramatically since the breakup of the Soviet Union, and is zmerno. Even though the crime issues are continuing to drop, assault, robbery, or pickpocketing are the most common crimes - more common in underground walkways, the subway, overnight trains, train stations, airports, markets, tourist attractions, and restaurants. Foreigners who have been drinking alcohol are especially vulnerable to assault and robbery in or around nightclubs or bars, or on their way home. Some travelers have been drugged at bars, while others have taken strangers back to their lodgings, where they were drugged, robbed and/or assaulted. Of significant note: nightclubs are vulnerable to acts of spiking drinks. The drug called GHB is gaining popularity in nightclubs, and it has been proven that this drug can knock you unconscious, give you amnesia, and can even kill you. Typically it's in the form of a capful of liquid mixed with a beverage.

The use of unmarked taxis is also a problem, as passengers have been victims of robbery, kidnapping, extortion, and theft. Although there are few registered taxi services in Russia, you should always use authorized services when arriving at a major airport, and it is best to ask which is registered before moving along. Bogus trolley inspectors, whose aim is to extort a bribe from individuals while checking for trolley tickets, are also a threat, if an increasingly rare one in the 2020s.

Russia's law enforcement are well-trained and are extremely professional in their jobs. Although being historically very inadequate since the Soviet Union's breakup, the government has fought police corruption fiercely with success. Policemen should not dare to bribe anyone, as they themselves will end up being fined huge amounts. While there is an ongoing effort to shape up the police force initiated by the government, some policemen still remain underpaid, and therefore corrupt.

If you intend to take a stroll during the night, have someone to accompany you — going alone can only make you a target for corrupt officials and maybe criminals.

Severni Kavkaz

As a tourist, you are strongly discouraged to travel to the Severni Kavkaz, as that region is the most dangerous in the entire country. The area has garnered a bad reputation for terrorism, crime and extremes of both corruption and lawlessness.

The safest region to access is Karachay-Cherkessia, as that region has encountered very little attacks in the past few years. If you really need to visit the more dangerous pockets of the region, it's best to contact your embassy before traveling to the area. Assistance will be limited, however.

If you are planning to see Mt. Elbrus, it's best to put it on hold until the situation in the region improves.

LGBT travellers

Male partners are strongly advised to avoid shows of affection and physical contact other than a handshake. Female partners can get away with non-sexual affection and physical contact, as it is considered acceptable. Cross-dressing is a strong no-no unless you know very well what you are doing.

Russia has seen a spike in homophobic activity, since the beginning of 2013 after a series of events that led to the adoption of a law establishing fines and deportation of foreigners for LGBT advocacy ("propaganda") directed towards minors. Though homosexuality is not illegal in Russia, you may have problems with the law if you participate in any LGBT advocacy activities where police would believe that minors can be involved. This effectively includes all public "outdoors" advocacy events, including gay pride parades and festivals, and may also be extended to public demonstration of your orientation and gender identification where minors are present. Participating in indoors LGBT activities, and allowed outdoors actions, where necessary precautions against participating of minors have been taken is legal, but there is still a threat of being hunted by homophobic activists during such events, as they specifically target them. Besides the events, general wisdom about keeping your orientation and gender identification secret will keep you safe in most situations, but if it is exposed, you may face harassment or violence from people, including hosts, if they didn't know beforehand, service workers, and more unpleasantly, lack of cooperation from police, if you'll have to turn to them seeking help against hate crimes.

Vožnja

City traffic in Russia (2016).

Driving by the majority of Russians is routinely reckless (hence the viral dashcam videos), and claimed almost 26,000 lives in 2016. Reckless driving habits, the lack of proper training, and a mixture of very old to old model cars all what contributes to a high death rate on roads. Drivers attack their art with an equal mix of aggressiveness and incompetence. Guidelines are lax and not always followed. As a pedestrian, take great care when crossing the roads, as pedestrian crossings are sometimes ignored. Most drivers are not very well trained and some have forged their licenses to avoid problems with the police. More importantly, the rapidly expanding economy has led to an increase in traffic density. Driving in the tunnels is perhaps even more dangerous than driving on the roads — the tunnels are improperly built as a result of underinvestment, and they claim even more casualties than on the roads.

When driving you must not be under the influence of alcohol. Russians have a zero tolerance to this, and the penalty is about two years imprisonment. If you are pulled over by the GIBDD (Russian Traffic Police), don't worry — they will simply check your papers. By law, the GIBDD should not try to solicit a bribe — if that happens, you are entitled to report it to the nearest police station. Under no circumstances try to run away from them — if you do, they will shoot your vehicle, even when you're not armed.

Rasizem

Russia is a multicultural nation, due to historical conquests and immigration from parts of the former USSR and other parts of the world. Racially-motivated violent crimes, once a major issue, have dropped steadily since 2009, and the common traveller is unlikely to face any major problems.

People from the Severni Kavkaz are often viewed with distrust and contempt, and are often discriminated against by landlords. Similarly, individuals who aren't Russian and/or not from a Slavic-language speaking country can also be barred from renting homes in certain areas.

Interracial couples, particularly those in a relationship with a Russian local, may often attract unwanted stares and/or curiosity.

Identification papers

Beautiful frescoes in a Vologda cerkev

There is a mistaken belief that everyone in Russia must carry identification papers. This is not the case. However, a lack of proper identification, while not punishable in itself, can lead to 3-hour detention "for identification purposes" (the law says "up to 48 hours" ). Formally, arbitrary document checks are not permitted, and the police officer that checks papers must introduce himself and explain the reason for checking. They however do still happen, though with far less frequency than previously, especially in the larger cities. Document checks are now more likely in places with little tourism – some police officers have very narrow notions of what should be appropriate for tourists.

Having no documents can lead to being held for up to 3h but not arrested. The detention should not be behind bars and you should not be deprived of your belongings (such as mobile phone): you can be taken to a police station, where you will end up sitting on a chair in a normal room while police "identify" you, but again, this rarely happens. Like most countries, you can be arrested if you are suspected of having committed a crime, but being unable to provide ID is not a crime and carries no penalty. No physical force can used in the detention, unless you apply it first. If you are stopped, be confident and remember that police officers are forbidden from shouting at you. The passport checks that do happen are primarily targeted at darker skinned people who are suspected of being illegal immigrants. Western-looking, Caucasian people are very rarely asked on the street for ID.

To spare yourself of potential problems, you may choose to carry your passport, migration card and registration slip on you. If you do, keep a separate photocopy just in case. S seboj lahko prinesete tudi fotokopijo potnega lista (osebnega dokumenta in vizuma) ter priseljenske izkaznice.

Če vas ustavijo zaradi osebnega dokumenta, ni nujno pretveza za podkupnino. Običajno vam policist pozdravi in ​​zahteva potni list (bodite pozorni na besede, kot so "paspart", "veeza" ali "dokumenty"). Dajte jim te, oni jih bodo pogledali, vrnili nazaj in vas pozdravili. Medtem ko so na splošno turistične izkušnje na prvi pogled moteče, v tem ni nič zloveščega.

Korumpirani policist lahko trdi, da obstajajo težave z vašo dokumentacijo (potni list, priseljenska izkaznica in prijava prebivališča), ter zahteva globo (podkupnina). Na voljo imate tri možnosti: na lep, prijazen in odločen način lahko razložite, da je pravzaprav vse v redu, z vašimi dokumenti ni težav in ste pripravljeni na policijsko postajo razčistiti stvari; lahko plačate (300 руб dovolj v metropolitanskih območjih); grozi. Prva možnost je težka brez ruskega znanja (in trdnih živcev), vendar bo na splošno delovala. Druga možnost vam kupi mir, a spodbuja nadaljnjo korupcijo. Tretja možnost je bolj konfrontativna in zahteva nekaj živca: vzemite mobilni telefon in zagrožite, da boste poklicali svoje veleposlaništvo. To lahko deluje in policija se lahko umakne.

Nakupovanje

Denar naj bo na zunanji strani zložen z majhnimi bankovci, prikrije pa večje. Gotovino prinesite le, če jo dejansko predate. Večje količine naj bodo ločene in skrite pred manjšimi vsakodnevnimi sredstvi.

Nevarne živali

Paketi za sestanke agresivni psi ki so zapuščeni ali na straži, vendar niso priklenjeni / zadržani, je mogoče, zlasti izven utrjenih poti. Če ostanete mirni in držite kovčke pred seboj, se lahko izkažete za zadostne. Upoštevajte druge nasvete iz povezanega članka, če ne.

Ostani zdrav

Zdravstvene ustanove se na splošno razlikujejo. Večina bolnišnic je izjemno dobro opremljenih, čistih in ima vse najnovejše tehnologije, nekatere pa so precej pod zahodnimi standardi, saj primanjkuje zdravil in zanemarjene opreme.

Prepričajte se, da so vsa vaša cepljenja posodobljena in da imate na voljo zadostne količine kakršnega koli zdravila na recept, ki ga morda jemljete. Lekarne so pogoste v večjih mestih in imajo kakovostna zahodna zdravila.

Kakovost voda iz pipe se razlikuje po državi in ​​je lahko celo spremenljiva znotraj mesta. V starih stavbah je voda iz pipe lahko nepitna. V velikih mestih evropske Rusije je voda čista pred biološkimi kontaminanti, vendar pogosto trpi zaradi prisotnosti težkih kovin zaradi zastarele vodovodne napeljave. Če ne morete kupiti ustekleničene vode, jo pred pitjem prekuhajte ali še bolje uporabite poseben filter za vodo iz pipe, ki ga lahko kupite v katerem koli supermarketu. Ustekleničena voda stane približno približno 25-50 руб za 2 litra (0,44 imp gal; 0,53 ZDA gal).

Precej tipična podeželska cerkev v zimskem času Staraya Ladoga

Poleg lokalnih zdravnikov (na splošno kakovostnih, vendar pogosto delujočih v slabih ustanovah) je v večjih ruskih mestih še nekaj zdravstvenih centrov, ki jih vodijo zahod. Vsi imajo različne politike plačevanja (nekateri jemljejo kreditne kartice, nekateri zahtevajo plačilo z gotovino vnaprej, tudi če imate zavarovanje), zato se prepričajte, da veste, za kaj plačujete (in kdaj in kako), preden se strinjate s storitvami.

Pazite, da ne kupujete ponarejene vodke, ki je lahko nevarna (tukaj resno „nevaren“ ne pomeni „močan“; lahko vsebuje metanol). Vodko kupujte samo v velikih ali specializiranih trgovinah z nalepko na pokrovčku in / ali črtno kodo regije na strani.

Precejšnje število trgovin z živili, vključno z nekaterimi verigami živil / blaga, samostojnimi trgovinami z živili, kioski in trgi z živili je znano po prodaji slabe kakovosti, vključno z zastarelo ali celo zastarelo z datumom izteka, ponatisnjenim kasneje datum. Čeprav je večina od njih dokaj dobra, kadar je to mogoče, kakovost hrane preverite z vizualnim opazovanjem, ne zaupajte posebej nalepkam z datumom veljavnosti, ki so dodane na zamenljiv način. Prav tako si lahko zabeležite, kaj kupujejo drugi, včasih lahko tudi druge kupce vprašate, kateri izdelek je boljši, to velja za normalno. To bi vam lahko pomagalo pri dobri izbiri. Primeri običajno kakovostno prodane hrane so večina ribjih izdelkov, vključno s prekajenimi in začinjenimi soljenimi (bodite še posebej previdni), vnaprej pripravljene solate, sveža zelenjava in sadje, ko jih ne morete nabrati (na tržnicah jih preverite po prodajalnah jih nabrali za vas, običajno lahko spremenite tiste, ki vam niso všeč, v trgovinah jih običajno ne dovolijo spremeniti in jih v vrečko dodajo nekaj slabih), konzervansi za zelenjavo se prodajajo s popustom (in s starejšim datumom proizvodnje običajno ), cenejši mlečni izdelki, čeprav manj dosledni, preverjanje, kaj kupujejo drugi, vam lahko tukaj pomaga. Proizvajalci sokov svoje proizvodnje ne morejo označiti kot sok (rus: сок), če ni 100% sok. Danes so vsi nekvalitetni sokovi, označeni z nektarjem (rus: нектар), do 50-70% vode in "sadni napitki" (rus: sadni napitki) lahko vsebujejo karkoli!

Ruski HIV razširjenost vztrajno narašča, predvsem za prostitutke, mlade odrasle in uživalce drog. Bodi varen.

Spoštovanje

Pravoslavno krščanstvo je vera, ki jo ima večina privržencev v Rusiji

Rusi so zadržani in lepo vzgojeni ljudje in so ponavadi bolj tradicionalni kot zahodnoevropski.

Kretnje

Nasmeh v Rusiji je tradicionalno rezerviran za prijatelje, nasmeh neznancu pa jih lahko naredi samozavestne. Nasmehnite se Rusu na ulici in najverjetneje se ne bodo odzvali v naravi. Samodejni ameriško-ameriški ali romansko-evropski nasmeh na splošno velja za neiskrenega. Medtem ko se ta tradicija počasi spreminja, saj je nasmejana Rusija pri službah za stranke še vedno zelo redka. Prodajni pomočniki, javni uslužbenci in podobni naj bi bili videti resno in poslovno. Od tod zelo pogosta napačna predstava o Rusih, da so zelo mračni ljudje in se nikoli ne nasmehnejo -, ko te enkrat spoznajo, postanejo zelo prijazni in prijazni.

Ko se obrnete na neznanca z vprašanjem, poskusite najprej uporabiti ruščino in ga vprašajte, ali govorijo angleško, Rusi so zelo ponosni na svoj jezik in ljudje bodo opazno bolj oddaljeni, če se obrnete nanje, ki govorijo angleško. Že samo uporaba ruskih ustreznikov "prosim" in "hvala" bo za ljudi opazno vplivala.

Ženske se tradicionalno zdravijo z viteštvom. Za ženske popotnice obstaja velika verjetnost, da lahko ruski prijatelji moški plačajo položnice v restavracijah, odprejo vsa vrata pred seboj, jim podajo roko, da jim pomagajo sestopiti po tej stopnički ali jim pomagajo nositi kaj težjega od torbice - to ni mišljeno kot prizanesljivo. Moški popotniki bi morali razumeti, da bodo to od njih pričakovale tudi nekatere Rusinje.

Gesta »V redu« je v redu.

Notranji glasovi

Trdnjava Orešek na Ladoškem jezeru - ni več potrebna za obrambo pred švedsko mornarico.

Rusi se čudovito in intimno tiho pogovarjajo v javnosti. Najbolje je, da poskusite slediti zgledu, da ne boste izstopali kot boleč palec in na splošno vsem okoli sebe neprijetno - postavite se malo bližje sogovorniku in olajšajte glasnost.

Občutljiva vprašanja

Ko govorimo o drugi svetovni vojni in Sovjetski zvezi, je potrebna velika skrb. Ta konflikt je bil velika tragedija za Sovjete in vsaka družina ima vsaj enega sorodnika med 25–30 milijoni umrlih (več kot zahodna Evropa in ZDA skupaj) in brazgotine tega konflikta čutijo še danes. Izogibajte se tudi razpravi o vojni v Afganistanu v osemdesetih letih.

Izogibajte se pogovorom o odnosih z Gruzijci ali Ukrajinci. Pogovor o teh temah lahko privede do sovražnosti in morda celo do ostrih razprav. Napeti odnosi med sosednjimi državami so privedli do številnih konfliktov in obstaja visok občutek nacionalnega ponosa glede ravnanja ruske vlade v Gruziji in Ukrajini.

Izogibajte se tudi izpostavljanju državnega dopinškega škandala in posledičnih prepovedi ruskim športnikom. Številni Rusi nanje gledajo kot na lažne obtožbe, ki so namerna poteza Zahoda za diskreditacijo ruskega športa iz političnih razlogov.

Homoseksualnost je občutljivo vprašanje, saj uradna vladna politika vse bolj omejuje pravice LGBT skupnosti.

Politična vprašanja

Prav tako svoja politična mnenja zadržite zase. Zastavljajte poljubno število vprašanj, vendar se izogibajte izjavam ali komentarjem glede njegove pretekle in trenutne politične situacije. Rusija in Sovjetska zveza sta imeli pogosto nasilno zgodovino in večina Rusov se je naveličala poslušati zahodnjake, kako slaba je bila Sovjetska zveza. Živeli so ga, ponosni so tako na njegove zmage kot na tragedije in o njem verjetno vedo veliko več kot vi. Tudi med Rusi vlada velika stopnja nostalgije po Sovjetski zvezi in mnogi se ponosno in nežno ozirajo nazaj v čas, ko je bila Sovjetska zveza legitimni tekmec ZDA na oblasti in mednarodnem vplivu.

Izogibajte se tudi kritiziranju konflikta v Čečeniji. Vojna v čečenski republiki je bila za obe strani grozljiva. Po množičnih terorističnih napadih v letih 2000–2005 so separatistične sile obravnavane kot islamistični teroristi. Politična mnenja v Rusiji so zelo polarizirana in politična razprava je vedno zelo težka. Bolje, da se temu izognete.

Upoštevajte tudi, da se pomemben del družbe sramuje zaradi stagnacije države med zahodno prijaznim režimom Borisa Jeljcina in je ponosen na vlogo, ki jo je imel Putin pri obnavljanju ruskega mednarodnega vpliva.

Tudi politični status Krima je neprimerna tema pogovorov.

Domači bonton

  • Če ste povabljeni v dom nekoga, mu prinesite majhno darilo kot oblika spoštovanja. Vendar pa bo večina na koncu protestirala, ko jim bodo ponudili darilo. Odgovorite, da gre za malenkost, in darilo znova ponudite, upajmo, da bo na splošno sprejeto. Smiselno je prinesti steklenico alkohola, če pričakujete, da boste večer preživeli manj formalno.
  • Če prinesete rože, ne dajte rumenih - v Rusiji je ta barva znak goljufanja v ljubezni in ločitvi, še posebej pa je nikoli ne uporabljajo za poročne šopke. Drugo vraževerje, povezano s cvetjem, je število cvetov. Ta količina mora biti vedno čudna; torej tri, pet, sedem itd. Na pogrebe vedno prinesejo sodo število rož.
  • Otroka ne podarjajte šele po rojstvu otroka določeni družini. To je smola, če to storimo prej. Ustne čestitke pred rojstnim dnevom osebe pogosto štejejo za slab znak.
Cerkev na krvi, Jekaterinburg, na mestu, kjer so boljševiki usmrtili cara Nikolaja II in njegovo družino, s čimer je končana dinastija Romanov
  • Ko pridete k nekomu domov, odstranite čevlje na prostem, tudi če gostitelji rečejo, da to ni potrebno - to je le vljudnost. Morda boste dobili copate.
  • V hiši nekoga, Oblecite se v svečana oblačila. Dobro oblačenje kaže spoštovanje do gostiteljev. Vendar to pravilo med mladimi morda ne bo delovalo.

Drugi bonton

  • Ko potujete z vlakom, raje delite hrano z drugimi v bližini, saj boste od takrat obravnavani kot vljudni.
  • Pri obisku cerkva morajo moški sleči klobuke, ženske pa morajo nositi glavo s šalom.

Povežite se

Internet

Od leta 2014 si ruska vlada prizadeva omejiti dostop do javnega omrežja Wi-Fi z utemeljitvijo, da je internet "projekt Cie", zakoni, ki od oseb, ki poskušajo dostopati do omrežja, pa zahtevajo osebne dokumente, so potrebni za boj proti ekstremizmu in terorizmu. Pogosto še vedno preprosto potrebujete rusko telefonsko številko in se lahko prijavite na brezplačnem Wi-Fi, zlasti na železniških postajah ali v bankah. Tudi Wi-Fi v hotelih pogosto zahteva rusko telefonsko številko, če nimate enega hotelskega osebja, se včasih strinja, da to stori namesto vas in vam sporoči kodo SMS.

Nekatere aplikacije za sporočanje (na primer LINE) so blokirane, vendar je to enostavno izogniti z uporabo katere koli brezplačne aplikacije VPN in je manj uveljavljena kot na Kitajskem.

Telefoni

Koda države za Rusijo (in Kazahstan kot nekdanjo članico nekdanje Sovjetske zveze) je 7.

Ruske telefonske številke imajo območno kodo s tremi, štirimi ali petimi števkami (glede na njihovo provinco), čemur sledi posamezna številka s 7, 6 ali 5 števkami, ki vedno dajo vsega 10 števk. Tromestna koda 800 se uporablja za brezplačne klice. Mobilni telefoni imajo vedno trimestne "območne" kode in sedemmestne številke.

Klici znotraj katere koli področne kode lahko izpustijo področno kodo (razen v Moskva).

Klici medkrajevnih kod znotraj Rusije: 8 (počakajte na ton) polna ruska številka, vključno z območno kodo.

Mednarodna koda za klicanje ven iz Rusija je zaporedje 8 (počakajte na sekundarni ton in nato) 10

Mednarodni klici do Rusija kot vedno zamenja znak plus () v mednarodni obliki telefona z lokalno mednarodno dostopno kodo države, iz katere kličete, čemur sledi ruska koda države 7, ki ji sledi posamezna ruska telefonska številka, vključno s področno kodo.

Predplačniške kartice SIM

V Rusiji je 5 operaterjev GSM, ki vsi uporabljajo standard 900/1800 MHz za 2G, 900/2100 MHz za 3G in 800/2600 MHz za 4G / LTE, enako kot Evropa in Azija. Preden ga prenesete v Rusijo, preverite, ali vaš telefon podpira enega od teh standardov. Pet operaterjev je Beeline, Megafon[mrtva povezava], MTS, Tele2, in Jota. Obstaja tudi eno omrežje CDMA: Skylink vendar morate za uporabo tega omrežja kupiti telefon Skylink.

Vsi operaterji ponujajo poceni kartice SIM s podatkovnimi paketi, ki so vedno boljša alternativa plačilu stroškov gostovanja. Megafon ima najboljšo pokritost, Beeline pa najcenejšo. MTS med različnimi območji ne zaračunava drugače, kot večinoma druga. Podatki so v Rusiji zelo poceni in za celotno Rusijo lahko kupite neomejene pakete.

Če kartico SIM kupite v trgovini, boste potrebovali potni list za identifikacijo in traja približno 5 minut, da izpolnite zahtevano dokumentacijo. Če ne govorite rusko, boste morali najti nekoga, ki govori angleško. Kartico SIM lahko kupite tudi v avtomatiziranih kioskih na podzemnih postajah. Klici na stacionarne telefone so dražji od klicev na druge mobilne telefone, zlasti tiste, ki uporabljajo isto omrežje. Dohodni klici so brezplačni. Kartici lahko dodate vrednost v trgovinah podjetja, ki ga uporabljate, ali v avtomatiziranih kioskih ali na spletu. Za mednarodne klice lahko kupite predplačniško kartico, vendar so spletne storitve, kot je Skype, pogosto cenejše.

Če želite svoj prenosnik ali računalnik priključiti na podatkovno omrežje, lahko za USB-modem kupite tudi poceni kartice SIM.

Uporabne aplikacije za pametne telefone

Zemljevidi

  • Yandex.Maps (Яндекс.Карты): Yandex je ruski Google in to je njihova aplikacija za zemljevide. Omogoča funkcijo iskanja (tudi po kategorijah), informacije o usmerjanju, prometu in parkiranju. V mestih prikazuje položaj v realnem času in poti avtobusov, maršrutk itd. Vmesnik je na voljo v ruščini, angleščini, ukrajinščini in turščini. Govorci angleščine, ki niso domači, morajo svojim jezikom telefona dodati angleščino, sicer bo vmesnik v ruščini.
  • Maps.me je znan po svojih zemljevidih ​​brez povezave.

Prevoz

  • Potniki RZD (РЖД Пассажирам): Uradna aplikacija Ruskih železnic vam omogoča nakup vozovnic na dolge razdalje. Predmestne vozovnice je treba kupiti na postaji, ker tuji potni listi v aplikaciji niso sprejeti kot identifikacijski dokument (oktober 2019). Če povezave z vlakom ne najdete tam, kjer bi morala biti, poskusite odhod in cilj zapisati v cirilici.
  • Taksi aplikacije: Obstaja več taksi aplikacij, med katerimi so najbolj priljubljeni Yandex.Taxi, City-Mobil, Uber in Gett.
  • BlaBlaCar: Aplikacija povezuje voznike in potnike, ki želijo skupaj potovati med mesti, in si deli stroške potovanja.

Potovalni vodniki

  • Bralci brez povezave všeč Kiwix vam omogoča prenos Wikivoyage in uporabo brez povezave.
  • izi.POTOVANJA: Preko te platforme več ruskih muzejev in organizacij ponuja brezplačne zvočne vodnike.

Spopadite se

Veleposlaništva

Ta vodnik po državi Rusija je oris in morda potrebuje več vsebine. Ima predlogo, vendar ni na voljo dovolj informacij. Če obstajajo Mesta in Druge destinacije morda niso vsi na seznamu uporabno status ali pa ne obstaja veljavna regionalna struktura in razdelek »Vstopi«, ki opisuje vse tipične načine, kako priti sem. Potopite se naprej in mu pomagajte, da raste!