Ogled zgodovine v Stockholmu - Stockholm history tour

Ogled zgodovine v Stockholmu je bil nominiran za predstavitev na glavni strani kot Izbrana tema o potovanjih. Morda v članku nismo opazili manjših napak. Potopite se naprej in pomagajte še izboljšati, preden pride na glavno stran.

The Ogled zgodovine v Stockholmu je sprehod od Gamla stan, (" Staro mestno jedro"), do Normalno v Stockholmu. Ogled je približno kronološki, od vikinške dobe do srednjega veka, švedskega imperija in industrijske revolucije do danes, z nekaj preskoki naprej in nazaj.

Razumeti

Poglej tudi: Nordijska zgodovina

Zaradi post-ledeniški odboj, današnji Stockholm se v zadnjih 5000 letih dviga z morja, približno 5 mm na leto. Jezero Mälaren je bilo nekoč del slankastega (rahlo slanega) Baltskega morja in morja Stockholmsko otočje je bila plovna pot za prva švedska mesta; Birka, Uppsala, in Sigtuna. Ko so Sigtano leta 1187 AD odstranili pirati, so Švedi na otoku v ožini zgradili zalogo, ki je bila od leta 1252. Stockholmu znana kot naraščajoča dežela. V 15. stoletju je zamenjal Stockholm Uppsala kot središče trgovine in vlade, ki je postalo glavno mesto 17. stoletja Švedsko cesarstvo.

Od leta 1901 je Stockholm pozornost sveta usmeril na Nobelova nagrada. Svetovne vojne so mestu prihranile, a okoli šestdesetih let so v Norrmalmu porušili stotine starih stavb, da bi zgradili novo poslovno četrt in metro, znan po svoji umetnosti. Stockholm 21. stoletja je eno najhitreje rastočih evropskih mest, znano po POP glasba, zagonska tehnološka podjetja in trajnostni razvoj.

Pripravite se

Od maja do septembra je vreme najbolj udobno. Poleti lahko izkoristite dolgo dnevno svetlobo; jutranji ali večerni ogled je lahko boljši, da se izognemo gneči. Od 20. junija do konca julija večina prebivalcev zapusti mesto, nekatera prizorišča pa se poleti zaprejo. Od decembra do začetka marca lahko pričakujete temperature malo pod nič stopinj Celzija, vendar hladno vreme lahko upravljate z ustreznimi oblačili. Glavna skrb pozimi je tema; sonce zaide ob 15:00 v decembru; glej Zima v nordijskih državah.

Čeprav je Švedska verjetno najbolj brezgotovinska država na svetu, imajo švedski bankovci portrete nekaterih zgodovinskih osebnosti, omenjenih v tem članku, in so uporabni kot rekviziti.

Obiti

Ogled traja približno 4 km (2,5 milje) in ga lahko hitro opravite v eni uri: več za ljudi, ki se počasi premikajo. Dve uri bi omogočili miren sprehod z odmori na točkah, razen obiska muzejev in drugih prizorišč. Za dejanski obisk vseh muzejev in zgradb, namesto da bi jih le na hitro pogledali, boste morda želeli načrtovati cel dan.

Če ni snega, je center Stockholma prijazen do hoje; sledenje tej poti peš je varno in večinoma brez težav.

Ulice Gamla Stana so kamnite ulice za pešce, nekatere med njimi tudi strme. Nosite udobne čevlje. Manj so primerni za kolesa in električne skuterje (glej kolesarjenje na Švedskem) in ni odprt za avtomobile. Invalidski vozički in sprehajalci se lahko prebijejo z nekaj obvozi.

Nekateri organizirani sprehajalne ture sledite podobnim točkam.

Pojdi

Modra za točke poti; zelena za znamenitosti, vidne od daleč, in oranžna za zanimive kraje za jedo in pijačo.

Če želite krajši ogled, lahko katerega od petih delov (ali epiloga) preskočite.

Prologi

Tura po visokogorju Södermalm je neobvezen prolog peš, z izložbo predindustrijskih stavb, pa tudi osupljivim pogledom na Gamla stan in druga okrožja Stockholma.

Drugi prolog je prispeti skozi Stockholmsko otočje; na primer na a Križarjenje z Baltskim morjem iz Turku, Helsinki, Talin ali Riga; mesta, ki so bila nekoč del švedskega cesarstva. Pot povzema dobesedno (primorsko) rojstvo Švedske z morja. Prvič, le nekaj pustih kamnin razbije površje. Nato majhni otoki z nekaj kočami in pristanišči, kasneje cela mesta s pristanišči. V Stockholm vstopite med industrijsko cono Nacka iz 19. stoletja in dvorce Djurgården.

Ambicioznejši prolog bi bil ogled jezera ali okoli njega Mälaren, zibelka švedskega kraljestva. Birka, Sigtuna in Uppsala so bila najpomembnejša naselja do 59.32944444444418.0686111111111 Stockholmu (z vzdevkom "kraljica Mälarena") je postala nesporna prestolnica v 15. stoletju. Te lokacije bi teoretično lahko obiskali s čolnom; to bi bil dolg podvig, ki v tem članku ni podrobno opisan. Nekatere zime je led na jezeru Mälaren dovolj debel, da omogoča drsanje od Uppsale do Stockholma.

• 59.84976054832417.6389465975242 Uppsala. Mesto poganskega templja od 5. stoletja, dokler ni bilo uničeno v 11. stoletju, nadomestila ga je katedrala v Uppsali. Kot nadškofov sedež je bilo v srednjem veku najpomembnejše mesto na Švedskem. Univerza, ustanovljena leta 1477, je najstarejša na Švedskem.  
• 59.6173117.723613 Sigtuna. Mesto Sigtuna jo je leta 980 ustanovil Erik Zmagovalec (prvi znani švedski kralj) in je pomenil združitev švedskih provinc v kraljestvo. Njegov sin in naslednik Olof Skötkonung (davčni kralj) je dal tu kovati prve švedske kovance.  
• 59.38083333333317.4961111111114 Adelsö (Ekerö). Otok, poln arheoloških najdišč. Tu so živeli švedski kralji do 13. stoletja.  
• 59.333117.54515 Birka (Björkö, Ekerö). Birka je postala prvo švedsko mesto v 8. stoletju in je popotnike sprejemala od daleč. Danes je na predelanem zemljišču zgrajena replika mesta. 
• 59.32169417.8863836 Palača Drottningholm (Drottningholms slott) (Ekerö). Ta palača iz 18. stoletja je bila dom številnih švedskih monarhov, vključno z vladajočim kraljem Carlom XVI. Gustafom.  

I. del: Gamla stan

Pogled iz Slussena: Riddarholmskyrkan, Stockholmska katedrala in Nemška cerkev.

59 ° 19′42 ″ S 18 ° 4′8 ″ V

Modra označuje poti. Oranžna označuje zanimive kraje za jedo ali pijačo na poti. Zelena označuje mejnike, ki so vidni od daleč (pomanjšajte za več).

Ogled se začne pri prevoznem vozlišču Slussen, s pogledom na Gamla stan (staro mesto) in potovanje skozi vikinško dobo, srednji vek in protestantsko reformacijo 16. stoletja. Ker so večino objektov iz tistih časov zamenjale zgradbe iz 17. stoletja ali kasneje, moramo poiskati kleti, ulice in druge ostanke, ki jih je na prvi pogled težko najti.

• 59.3200818.072171 Podzemna postaja Slussen (Vikinška doba), Ryssgården. Čas od 8. do 11. stoletja je bil znan kot Vikinška doba. Medtem ko je večina nordijskih prebivalcev tistega časa živela mirno kot kmetje, jih je prenaseljenost spodbudila, da potujejo v tujino zaradi trgovine ali naselitve. Najbolj razvpiti so bili Vikingi; Nordijski bojevniki, ki so se preživljali s piratstvom, napadi sužnjev in najemniškim delom. Švedska vzhodna obala severno od današnjega Stockholma je znana kot Roden ali Roslagen, in švedski Vikingi, ki so pluli v vzhodno Evropo, so bili znani kot Rus. Ustanovili so mesta, kot so Novgorod in Kijev, ki je sčasoma postal Rusko cesarstvo. Nekateri Vikingi so prišli do Bizantinsko cesarstvo, kjer so ustanovili cesarjevo varjaško stražo. Ker je bila gladina morja približno 5 metrov višja od današnje, je bil Mälaren plovni zaliv Baltskega morja, zaseden z ladjami. Eden od vikinških poglavarjev, za katere je znano, da je opustošil mesta okoli Mälarena, je bil Olaf, ki je postal kralj Olaf II. Norveška, in kasneje zavetnik države. Vikingi so za seboj pustili nekaj sledi, vendar so ustanovili severnoevropsko pomorsko tradicijo.  
• 59.32057118.0736732 Stadsgården (Ustanovitev Stockholma). Od 11. stoletja naprej so imela evropska kraljestva gradovi zgrajena in vojska usposobljena, da sovražnike ne pušča. To je pomenilo prehod iz vikinške dobe v Visok srednji vek; tudi čas, ko je Švedska pogansko vero prepustila krščanstvu. Potem ko je bila prva švedska prestolnica Sigtuna odpuščena Karelski pirati leta 1187, so Švedi na otoku zgradili zalogo, ki je postala Stockholm. Ime je verjetno prišlo iz lesenega hloda (zaloge) v Mälarenu, ki je bil uporabljen za zaščito in cestninjenje. Birger jarl (jarl je naslov, ki ustreza britanski grof), velja za ustanovitelja mesta. Njegovo pismo iz leta 1252 je prvi zapis imena Stockholma; letos velja za leto ustanovitve Stockholma, vendar je bil otok naseljen vsaj nekaj desetletij prej. Kot v večini obalnih mest sta bili tudi ribištvo in ladjedelništvo pomembni dejavnosti. Riva na vzhodu je znana kot Stadsgården (mestna ladjedelnica). Ker je bilo zunaj mesta, so bili tu že od 14. stoletja neprijetno dišeči kotli za ribje olje in maščobe iz tjulnjev. Trg na podzemni postaji je znan kot Ryssgården (Rusko dvorišče) ruskih trgovcev, ki so se tu srečevali od 17. stoletja.  
• 59.32472222222218.0647222222227 Riddarholmskyrkan. Otok Riddarholmen (dobesedno "viteški otok") je ime dobilo po plemiških palačah, ki so bile večinoma zgrajene v 17. stoletju. Švedsko plemstvo (adel) je bil formaliziran v zakonu iz leta 1280, saj so bile nekatere družine oproščene davka, vendar so morale služiti vojsko; najstarejši so dobili naslov riddare (vitez). Cerkev Riddarholmskyrkan je iz 14. stoletja in s tem ena najstarejših ohranjenih zgradb v Stockholmu; čeprav razširjena skozi stoletja. Tu je pokopanih petnajst švedskih monarhov, od Gustava Adolphusa (1594–1632) do Gustava V (1858–1950). Ena pomembnejših odsotnosti je kraljica Kristina, ki je leta 1654 abdicirala, spremenila se v katolištvo in je pokopana v cerkvi sv. Vatikan. Danes večino palač uporablja sodstvo.  
• 59.32002777777818.0711111111118 Södermalmstorg. Mestni trg, ki se uporablja vsaj od 15. stoletja. V prvi polovici leta 2021 bo to arheološko izkopališče, ki bo razkrilo ruševine in predmete iz stoletnih trgov.  
• 59.3203318.07019 Razstavni salon Slussen (Slussenrummet), Södermalmstorg 4. Razstavni salon za obnovo kraja Slussen, ki naj bi bil končan leta 2025. Nekateri arheološki predmeti in plakati predstavljajo zgodovino in prihodnost kanala. Omejen delovni čas. 
• 59.3198118.0708810 Mestni muzej v Stockholmu (Stockholms stadsmuseum), Ryssgården. Ta stavba je bila dokončana v šestdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja kot južna mestna hiša v Stockholmu. Skozi stoletja je bil uporabljen kot sodišče, zapor, anatomsko gledališče in šola. Od leta 1942 je muzej; prikaz zgodovine Stockholma od leta 1523 do danes, s posebno pozornostjo na gradbeništvo in arhitekturo. Muzej organizira sprehode.  
• 59.3195918.073131 Gondolen (Katarinahissen). Dvigalo iz leta 1936 z zunanjim mostom in panoramsko restavracijo. Zaprto za prenovo, odprto naj bi bilo leta 2022. Omejen dostop do neba.  
• 59.321918.07463 Kogghamn (Srednjeveško pristanišče v Stockholmu). Naraščajoča dežela je Mälaren v 13. stoletju iz zaliva spremenila v sladkovodno jezero. Od jezera do morja je bil izkopan kanal; ker pa je bilo jezero nekaj decimetrov nad morjem, je bilo treba čolne potegniti z vrvmi. Stockholm je imel dve pristanišči: Kornhamn (pristanišče za koruzo / žito) je bil namenjen majhnim čolnom Mälaren in Kogghamn za zobnike (trgovske ladje) Baltskega morja, ki je bilo na nivoju blizu današnje ravni ulice. Številni zobniki so pripadali Hanza (Hansa), ki je v srednjem veku prevladovala v trgovini na Baltskem morju. Ko se je obala umaknila, je bila hiša po meri leta 1790 (Tullhuset) je bil zgrajen na prejšnjih pristaniščih in paviljonih po meri leta 1939, ki danes gostijo restavracije in druga gostinska prizorišča.  
• 59.3218818.0738474 Slussen. Slussen ("zapornica") je zapornica, ki se je odprla leta 1642, da bi morske ladje lahko vstopile v Mälaren. Skozi stoletja so se med seboj nasledile štiri različne ključavnice, z novimi mostovi za vlake, kolesa in javni prevoz. Leta 1935 je bil Slussen obnovljen za avtomobil s prvo izmenjavo detelje v Evropi. Ker je težka betonska konstrukcija potonila v blato in je jezero treba urediti, Stockholm zgradi peto zaporo z novim nizom mostov za trajnostni prevoz, odprt za promet po delih, ki naj bi bil končan leta 2025.  
• 59.32263918.09027811 Kastellet. Citadela iz 17. stoletja, ki pluje pod pomorsko zastavo in se uporablja za pozdrave s pištolo. Stavba je eksplodirala leta 1845 in bila obnovljena leta 1848.  
• 59.3223718.073932 Zum Franziskaner ("Zum"), Skeppsbron 44. Restavracija z nemško tematiko naj bi bila ustanovljena leta 1471, na njeni sedanji lokaciji od leta 1906.  
• 59.32269418.0730565 Järntorget. Ta tržnica je bila ob obali do 14. stoletja. Ko se je obala umikala, je trg ostal pomembno trgovsko mesto, od leta 1489 znano kot Železni trg. Do leta 1662 je bilo mesto za trgovanje z železom, bakrom in drugimi kovinami iz rudarskega okrožja Bergslagen, odposlan čez jezero Mälaren v Stockholm, za pobiranje cestnin in izvoz čez Baltsko morje. Kovina je še vedno ena glavnih izvoznih surovin na Švedskem; trije rudniki v Bergslagenu še vedno proizvajajo svinec, baker in cink. Železo se pridobiva v Okrožje Norrbotten na skrajnem severu Švedske.  

Västerlånggatan 78: Stavba v kraju Järntorget z vidnimi poškodbami zaradi pogrezanja.

• 59.3227118.0726312 Deucalion blok, Västerlånggatan 78. Ni se le post-ledeniški odboj povzročil, da se je obala umaknila; občani so tudi gospodinjske odpadke metali čez obalo. Današnje zgradbe na obali so bile postavljene v 17. stoletju na novih zemljiščih, na lesenih pilotih skozi naključno odlagališče. Ko se je zemlja umirila in so se leseni piloti posušili, so bile stavbe vidno deformirane z velikimi razpokami. Večina blokov v Gamla Stanu je dobila imena iz grško-rimske mitologije. 
• 59.32261718.07404413 Södra Bankohuset (Hiša na južnem bregu), Järntorget 84. Uradna mestna tehtalnica je bila tu do leta 1662. Nadomestila jo je sedanja stavba, Banka Riksens Ständers, kasneje Sveriges Riksbank, najstarejša preživela centralna banka na svetu. Včasih je bila švedska valuta daler (ista besedna korenina kot dolar; ker je imela krona rudnike bakra, so kovali ogromne bakrene kovance, ki so lahko tehtali do 20 kg (44 lb). Od leta 2018 je v stavbi studio za video igre. Čeprav so se glavne izvozne surovine v Stockholmu spremenile iz strojne v programsko opremo, je Järntorget še vedno znan po številnih restavracijah in gostilnah.  
• 59.32266218.07337614 Kip Evert Taube. Švedski trubadur Evert Taube (1890-1976) je bil skrbnik švedske starodavne baladne tradicije. Igral je tako na kitaro kot na lutnjo v srednjeveškem slogu, svoje dogodivščine je pel kot mornar na odprtem morju in kot gaucho v Argentina. Tako kot svojega vzornika Carla Michaela Bellmana (1740-1795) so ga tudi v gostilnah v Gamla stanu pogosto videli. Bil je eden od aktivistov, ki je sredi 20. stoletja preprečil, da bi Gamla stan podrli in je upodobljen na današnjih bankovcih za 50 kron. 
• 59.3228718.0725915 Västerlånggatan. Glavna ulica Gamla stan tik pred prvim mestnim obzidjem je bila nekoč prometna cesta, ki je povezovala severno in južno Švedsko. Steno so v 15. stoletju zamenjale zgradbe. Čeprav je ulica očarljiva, je poleti prenatrpana in se šteje za malo turistična past. Glej Västerlånggatan za popoln opis.  
• 59.32288918.0726676 Mårten Trotzigs gränd. Najožja ulica Stockholma nas pripelje do planote, ki je sestavljala srednjeveški Stockholm. Stavbe je kupil nemški trgovec Mårten Trotzig (1559–1617), ki je s trgovanjem s kovinami postal eden najbogatejših državljanov Stockholma. Aleja ima stopnice; bolj dostopno cesto najdemo vzhodno od bloka.  
• 59.32335118.0729197 Tyska Stallplan. Stojite na južnem koncu planote, ki je sestavljala srednjeveški Stockholm. Ta trg je kraj vrat skozi staro mestno obzidje, kjer so bili konji; zato ime "Nemški hlev". Kip konja je iz leta 1956. Stenska sidra se lahko uporabljajo za periodizacijo zgradb.  

Stenska sidra, značilna za različna obdobja.

• 59.3233118.0727916 Dominikanski samostan (Svartbrödraklostret). Leta 1336 so tu zgradili samostan dominikancev (črni bratje), tik ob prvem mestnem obzidju. Ime ulice Svartmansgatan (Črna moška ulica) se nanaša na menihe; tako kot v drugih srednjeveških mestih so bili odgovorni za štipendije in dobrodelne namene. V 16. stoletju je kralj Gustav Vasa (ustanovitelj neodvisne Švedske) izvedel Protestantska reformacijaje nacionaliziral vso cerkveno lastnino in dal samostan odstraniti, da je dobil kamne za svoj grad. Kot pri mnogih izgubljenih srednjeveških zgradbah Gamla Stana ostajajo podzemni oboki nedotaknjeni, občasno odprti za obiskovalce. Samostanska cerkev je bila tam, kjer je zdaj šolsko igrišče; ruševine so našli leta 2016. 
• 59.323518.0729777817 Storkyrkoskolan (Stockholmska katedralna šola). Cerkev je tudi po reformaciji vodila šole. Šola stolnice v Stockholmu je bila ustanovljena v 13. stoletju, sem pa se je preselila v 19. stoletje. Glavna stavba je bila leta 1666 naročena za dvornega slikarja, rojenega v Nemčiji, Davida Klöckerja Ehrenstrahla, ki je veljal za očeta švedskega slikarstva. Primer priloge iz dvajsetih let 20. stoletja Švedska milost; Švedska razlaga Umetniška dekoracija. Igrišče je iz istega časa, saj so bile stavbe podrte, da so na prenatrpanem otoku dobili več življenjskega prostora. Od leta 1973 je Estonski šola si deli isto stavbo.  
• 59.323050818.07188923 Aifur, Västerlånggatan 68. A Viking-tematska restavracija; nekoliko anahrono, saj so bili kletni oboki zgrajeni stoletja po zadnjih Vikingih. 
• 59.3233318.070794 6e Tunnan (Sjätte tunnan), Stora Nygatan 43. Srednjeveški bar in restavracija z občasno živo glasbo. 
• 59.323539518.07134595 Lasse i Gatan, Västerlånggatan 60. Restavracija in bar, ki so ga navdihnili švedski zasebniki iz 18. stoletja (s sklicevanjem na bolj znane pirate v Karibi.) 
• 59.323118.07386 Den Gyldene Freden, Österlånggatan 51. Ta restavracija je znana že od leta 1722, zaradi česar je ena najstarejših na Švedskem. Švedska akademija je tukaj vsak četrtek.  
• 59.32388888888918.07297222222218 Judovski muzej (Judiska museet), Själagårdsgatan 19. Judje ki so se želeli naseliti na Švedskem, so se morali spreobrniti v krščanstvo. Leta 1792 je Švedska legalizirala judovsko vero, čeprav so Judje ostali drugorazredni državljani. Ta stavba iz 17. stoletja je bila dražbena komora, dokler ni postala prva sinagoga v Stockholmu od 1795 do 1870; leto, ko so Judje dobili polne državljanske pravice, in Velika sinagoga je bila odprta. Švedska je Jude leta 1999 prepoznala kot endemično manjšino. V stavbi je bila med drugim tudi policijska postaja. Judovski muzej (v različnih prostorih od leta 1992) se je v stavbo preselil leta 2019.  
• 59.3240818.0718419 Nemška cerkev (Tyska Kyrkan), Svartmangatan 16A. Uradno imenovan Sankta Gertrud, ta cerkev je dom prve nemško govoreče župnije zunaj Nemčija, ki daje nekaj pojma o pomenu nemških trgovcev (do tretjine prebivalcev Stockholma). Na mestu cerkve je bila v 14. stoletju zgrajena cehovska dvorana nemških trgovcev. V omenjeni protestantski reformaciji je kralj Gustav Vasa zasedel cehovsko dvorano. V petdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja je bila porušena (čeprav je nekaj kosov ostalo) za izgradnjo protestantske cerkve za naraščajoče nemško prebivalstvo; zdaj je bila služba v domačem jeziku namesto v latinščini. Širitev z velikimi okni in belimi oboki je bila končana leta 1642. Cerkev pripada švedski cerkvi, vendar vsako nedeljo ob 11:00 opravlja službe v nemškem jeziku.  
• 59.3239718.071018 Skomakareporten (Čevljarska vrata). Tu so bila vrata v prvem mestnem obzidju. V 15. stoletju je obzidje nadomestilo drugo mestno obzidje v bližini sedanje obale (vidno po ulici), razstavljeno v 17. stoletju, utrdbe je bila vgrajena leta Stockholmsko otočje. Noben sovražnik ni nikoli prebil zidov Stockholma; čeprav se je mesto predalo Danska v obleganju leta 1520; glej več spodaj. 

Stavbe v srednjeveškem slogu na Prästgatanu.

• 59.3244218.07049 Morpheusov blok, Prästgatan 46-50. Ta blok je bil zgrajen v 15. stoletju in je nadomestil prvo mestno obzidje. Izvirni so samo kletni oboki, saj je požar leta 1625 uničil večino mesta jugozahodno od tod, tako da je bil prostor za pravokotne bloke na zahodnem otoku. Te stavbe so bile zgrajene v 17. in 18. stoletju na vrhu obokov, vendar dajejo slutiti, kako je izgledal srednjeveški Stockholm. Visoki so le tri nadstropja, v bližini strehe imajo nosilce jermenic in majhna kletna vrata z lesenimi polkni. Nad vrati številke 46 je tablica požarnega zavarovanja; gasilci bi z njimi reševali le stavbe. # 48 je zgrajena iz grobe opeke, značilne za srednji vek. 
• 59.3247218.0701710 Uppland Runic napis 53, Kåkbrinken 1. Staro Nordijci so zapuščenim potomcem prepustili le nekaj predmetov, preden so knjige in kamniti zidovi postali običajni v 13. stoletju. Vendar so pisali runestones, ta je bil narejen okoli leta 1100 po Kr. in je naključno zaslovel, saj je končal v zidu stavbe iz 17. stoletja. Lakonski napis pravi Thorsteinn in Freygunnr sta dala ta kamen [dvigniti] v spomin na [...] njunega sina. Ni dokazov, da so ti ljudje potovali daleč; nekaj runskih kamnov, ki omenjajo čezmorske popotnike (Vikinge), je veliko bolj znanih. Top je bil postavljen v 17. stoletju, da bi zgradbo zaščitil pred vozovi.  

Stortorget - na desni je Nobelov muzej

• 59.32518.07055611 Stortorget. Najstarejši trg v Stockholmu iz 13. stoletja. Na Stortorgetu potekajo občasni trgi in sejmi, vključno z a Božična tržnica.  
• 59.32513888888918.07355555555620 Köpmantorget. Poimenovana je ulica proti vzhodu Köpmangatan ("Merchant Street") od leta 1323 in je s tem najstarejša znana ulica v Stockholmu. Na vzhodnem koncu je bilo Köpmantorget, ("Trgovski trg") ​​in vzhodna mestna vrata. Zunaj obzidja je bila ribarnica; obala je bila tik pod pobočjem. Skulptura svetega Jurija (Sankt Göran) in Zmaj se spominja bitke pri Brunkebergu leta 1471. Da bi veliko poenostavili, so se pridružile Švedska, Norveška in Danska Kalmarjeva zveza v 15. stoletju. Švedski plemiči so želeli svojega kralja v Stockholmu in v bitki pri Brunkebergu (na današnjem Norrmalmu) so švedski separatisti pod vodstvom regenta Stena Stureja starejšega pregnali unionistično vojsko. Dogodek je bil uvod v osvobodilno vojno 1520-ih in je bil romantiziran kot korak k švedski neodvisnosti. Kip je za protidansko propagando naročil Sten Sture; original je v stolnici v Stockholmu, na Köpmantorgetu pa replika iz leta 1912.  
• 59.3248611118.0702777821 Schantzska hiša, Stortorget 20. Stortorget je bil že odkar je bil zgrajen za telesno kaznovanje, vključno z bičevanjem, javnim sramotenjem in občasnimi smrtnimi obsodbami. Sodišče je bilo tam, kjer je zdaj Nobelov muzej. Najbolj razvpit dogodek je bil 1520 Stockholm Bloodbath (Stockholms blodbad). Stockholm se je pravkar predal danskemu kralju Kristianu II. (Ki je bil od takrat znan kot Kristian tiran na Švedskem), in imel je vsaj 80 švedskih plemičev in dostojanstvenikov, ki so jim odsekali glavo zaradi herezije (saj so podpirali švedsko neodvisnost). Odsekanje glave z mečem je veljalo za neboleče in privilegij plemičev; Obesili so župana Stockholma in nekaj sodnikov, kar je pomenilo najmanj 92 smrtnih žrtev. Pokol je sprožil osvobodilna vojna proti Danski, v kateri je Gustav Vasa postal kralj leta 1523. Švedska je bila od takrat neodvisna; vojna velja za konec srednjega veka in za ustanovni trenutek Švedske. Beli kamni v rdeči stavbi (zgrajeni za Johana Schantza, tajnika kralja Karla X. Gustava) naj bi spominjali na žrtve.  
• 59.3247818.0706222 Topovsko kroglo, Skomakaregatan 1. Na vogalu stavbe je dobro vidna topovska krogla, ki naj bi bila sprožena v osvobodilni vojni leta 1523. Vendar je bil dodan, ko je bila stavba postavljena leta 1795, kot eden od mnogih simboličnih spominov na vojno. 
• 59.3252818.070087 Kavarna Sten Sture, Trångsund 10. Kavarna v kletnem oboku iz 14. stoletja. Stavba je bila nekoč samostan, ki so ga, tako kot druge, razstavili v času reformacije. Klet je bila kasneje uporabljena kot zapor; najbolj razvpiti zapornik je bil Johan Jacob Anckarström, obsojen na smrt zaradi atentata na kralja Gustava III leta 1792. 
• 59.32502518.071344448 Grillska hiša, Stortorget 3. Srednjeveška stavba je bila v lasti družine Grill od leta 1681 do 1800; ena prvih bogatih skupnih družin na Švedskem. V stavbi je kavarna in restavracija, ki jo vodi mestna misija v Stockholmu, manj precenjena kot številna druga prizorišča okoli Stortorgeta. Z dvorišča se odpira pogled na blok Cefej, ki je bil do 19. stoletja nekoč prenatrpan revni del; po prenovi v tridesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja je postala značilnost prenove zgodovinskih stavb za sodobni čas.  
• 59.32497518.0708805612 Stortorget dobro (Stortorgsbrunnen). Vodnjak je bil zgrajen leta 1778. Včasih je bil Stockholm nič milje; točka, od katere so bile izmerjene švedske ceste. Ko je presušil (zaradi naraščajočega zemljišča), so ga leta 1857 preselili v Brunkebergstorg; leta 1861 je Stockholm dobil svoj prvi javni vodovod kot eno zadnjih evropskih prestolnic, ki je dobilo vodo iz pipe. Voda v notranjem delu Mälarena je bila v 20. stoletju onesnažena z odplakami, vendar je zaradi ostrega nadzora onesnaževanja jezerska voda danes izjemno čista; praktično pripravljen za pitje brez zdravljenja. Vodnjak se je prvič vrnil leta 1953, zdaj pa se napaja z vodo iz pipe. Preostala skrb za vodnjake v stockholmskem arhipelagu je preprečiti, da bi se jezerska voda mešala z slano vodo Baltskega morja.  

Izrez iz slikarstva sončnih psov iz leta 1535, Vädersolstavlan, Stockholma z zahoda. Ohranjena kopija je shranjena v Storkyrkanu.

II. Del: Palača in parlament

Okoli kraljeve palače in Riksdag (Parlament), vidimo vzpon in padec švedskega imperija v 17. in 18. stoletju ter pot do demokracije z vsesplošno volilno pravico, doseženo leta 1918, in vidimo švedske politične institucije danes.

Slottsbacken. Z leve: Stockholmska palača, Nationalmuseum (ladjedelnica Vasa), kip Gustava III, Telegrafska hiša in palača Tessin.

• 59.3257618.0703913 Stokholmska katedrala (Storkyrkan), Trångsund 1 (ob kraljevi palači). Storkyrkan ("Velika cerkev") je najstarejša cerkev v Gamlastanu, s prvimi elementi, zgrajenimi v gotskem slogu v 13. stoletju. Zbor se je leta 1554 zmanjšal po ukazu Gustava Vase, da bi omogočil topovsko streljanje z gradu Tre Kronor. Na tlakovcih je viden obod starega zidu. Zunanjost je bila predelana v baročnem slogu okoli leta 1740. Cerkev vsebuje dva dela slavnih umetniških del: originalni leseni kip svetega Jurija iz 15. stoletja in kopijo najstarejše znane podobe Stockholma, Vädersolstavlan ("Slika sončnega psa"), kopija izgubljenega izvirnika iz leta 1535 iz leta 1636.  
• 59.32587218.07094314 Kip Olausa Petrija. Olaus Petri (1493-1552) je bil duhovnik in polimat, rojen v veliko bolj švedsko zvenečem imenu Olof Pettersson. Bil je ključnega pomena pri Protestantska reformacija, napisal prvo švedsko gledališko igro, prvi sodni kodeks in velik del prvega švedskega prevoda Biblije. Pokopan je pod prižnico katedrale. 
• 59.32591118.07107515 Slottet Tre Kronor (Grad Tri krone). Tri krone sestavljajo švedski grb (viden na glavnih vratih palače) od 14. stoletja. Natančen izvor simbola ni znan; naj bi predstavljal nordijske bogove Odina, Thora in Freya, biblijske čarovnike ali papeško palačo leta Avignon. Tre Kronor je bil obzidje iz 13. stoletja v mestnem obzidju, ki se je skozi stoletja širilo, ko je postalo kraljevo grad (švedska beseda reža lahko pomeni oboje grad in palača). Danes na istem mestu stoji palača v Stockholmu. Tlakovci v tleh označujejo obod gradu. Nekatere ruševine so na ogled v Muzej Tre Kronor v kleti palače.  

Stockholm se je dobro nahajal v središču Ljubljane Švedsko cesarstvo, saj je bilo potovanje po morju najhitrejše, severna Skandinavija pa je imela zelo malo prebivalstva.

• 59.32818.0779323 Ladjedelnica Vasa. The Švedsko cesarstvo dosegel vrhunec svoje moči v 17. stoletju in skoraj obkrožil Baltsko morje, kar je povzročilo potrebo po močni mornarici, nenazadnje tudi odkar je kralj Gustav II. Adolf (znan tudi kot Gustavus Adolphus) v Tridesetletna vojna. Ladjedelnice v Stockholmu so izstrelile številne vojne ladje; najmanj uspešen je danes po naključju postal najbolj znan: Vasa. Zgrajena je bila na mestu Blasieholmen (čez vodo, kjer je zdaj Nationalmuseum) in vlečena na grad Tre Kronor, da se je naložila z balastom in topništvom. Izdelanih 48 bronastih topov Vasa ena najtežjih švedskih ladij, Empire Zvezda smrti... čeprav zelo nestabilna. Njeno prvo potovanje leta 1628 naj bi bilo trenutek ponosa; lahko pa je plula le kilometer, preden je ujela veter, se prevrnila in potonila tik pred Södermalmom in utopila vsaj 30 ljudi. Večino dragih bronastih topov so rešili leta 1664; toda ladja je padla v nejasnost, odkrita je bila šele leta 1956. 
• 59.3259218.0697124 Palača Axel Oxenstierna, Storkyrkobrinken 2. Axel Oxenstierna je bil švedski šef vlade od leta 1614 do svoje smrti leta 1654 in vršilec dolžnosti predsednika države od 1632 do 1644 kot skrbnik mladoletne kraljice Kristine. Daleč najmočnejši nemonarh švedskega cesarstva velja za očeta švedske birokracije, saj je ustanovil številne današnje vladne agencije, kot so okrožja in poštne službe. Njegova palača še ni bila končana pred njegovo smrtjo.  

Plaketa nad glavnimi vrati Stockholmske palače. Za največjega, srečnega, pobožnega in vedno vzvišenega kralja,
čudovit oče domovine na severnem svetu,
CHARLES XII,
čigar neporažena vrlina,
skozi herkulske spore,
ga je pripeljal do višine slave,
življenje in zmaga,
in neumorna želja Švedske,
stoji tu srečna stavba,
in žari zlato

• 59.3263518.0722325 Glavna vrata Stockholmske palače (Slottet Kungliga). Do 17. stoletja grad Tre Kronor ni bil več potreben za obrambo, širitev švedskega cesarstva pa je zahtevala bolj reprezentativno prebivališče. Kralj Karel XI je naročil baročno palačo, ki jo je navdihnil Versailles in Palazzo Farnese v Ljubljani Rim. Večji del severnega trakta je bil končan do leta 1697, saj je požar uničil večino starega gradu. Večina nacionalnih arhivov je bila izgubljena, kar je otežilo zgodovinske raziskave. Šest mesecev po požaru je Charles XII postal kralj s 15 leti. Leta 1700 je Danska Poljska in Rusija napadla Švedsko z začetkom Velika severna vojna, s katerim se je Karel XII celo odraslo življenje boril. Njegovi vojaki, legendarni Karolci, so bili običajno številčnejši, vendar so v zgodnji fazi vojne v mnogih bitkah zmagali. Pet let je preživel v izgnanstvu v Ljubljani otomanski imperij, se vrnil v vojno in v bitki umrl leta Halden na Norveškem leta 1718. Od leta 1719 so Rusi ropali Stockholmsko otočje, vendar ni uspel napasti Stockholma. Leta 1721 Nystad pogodbe je morala Švedska odstopiti Baltske province v Rusijo, ki je postala prevladujoča sila Baltskega morja, in ruskemu vladarju Petru Velikemu omogočila, da se je prvi oblikoval Ruski cesar. Karla XII pozdravljajo kot graditelja palače na plošči na glavnem vhodu (ob strani so vojaške trofeje), vendar je bila gradnja med večino vojne na čakanju.  
• 59.3267618.0733926 Kraljeva orožarna (Livrustkammaren), Slottsbacken 3. Označuje se za "najstarejši švedski muzej" z uniformami, orožjem in drugimi predmeti švedskih kraljevskih kraljev od leta 1628, vključno z Gustavom II. Adolfom in Karlom XII. Medtem ko so številni švedski kralji poimenovani Karl (Charles v angleščini, Carolus v latinskem jeziku), do vladanja kralja Carla XVI. Gustafa, je bilo prvih šest legendarnih kraljev brez zgodovinskih dokazov, ki so implicitno vladali, preden je bila Švedska poenotena okoli leta 1000 AD. Vstop prost.  
• 59.32555555555618.07222222222227 Finska cerkev. Švedska in Finska bili ista država od 13. stoletja do 1809. Finski vojaki so se pogumno borili v švedskih vojnah, Švedi in Finci pa so največja etnična manjšina v svojih državah. Stavba je bila postavljena leta 1653 kot teniška dvorana in je gostila prvo švedsko gledališko družbo. Finska župnija je cerkev slovesno slovesno odprla leta 1725.  
• 59.3261918.0717216 Južno krilo kraljeve palače. Ko je parlament postopoma omejeval monarhovo moč, je nova doba postala znana kot Doba svobode, Frihetstiden, in napovedal vzpon umetnosti in znanosti na Švedskem. Palača je bila dokončana leta 1754, južno krilo pa je imelo bolj neorenesančni slog kot baročno oblikovano severno krilo. Kipi upodabljajo velike švedske može tistega časa. Štirje na levi so Erik Dahlbergh (ki je zasnoval večino trdnjav švedskega imperija), Carl Linnaeus (ustanovitelj sistematične biologije), polihistor Georg Stiernhielm (ustanovitelj švedske poezije) in Nikodem Tessin mlajši (arhitekt palače, ki je nasledil svojega soimenjaka), pa tudi prizori grško-rimske mitologije. Švedska je bila predhodnica svobode govora in drugih državljanskih pravic; Zakon o svobodi tiska iz leta 1766 je najstarejši zakon o prostem tisku na svetu in ostaja eden od štirih zvezkov švedske ustave. 
• 59.3267472218.0749722228 Kip Gustava III. Gustav III je vladal Švedski od leta 1771 do 1792. Navdihnjen s strani francoskega razsvetljenstva je bil pokrovitelj umetnosti, ustanovil je Švedsko akademijo, opero in zbirko starodavnih skulptur, ki so danes na ogled v palači. Spodbujal je pravno državo, odpravil mučenje in omejil smrtno kazen. He is however considered to have ended the Age of Liberty, as he limited the free press, and stripped the nobles of their powers. Many noblemen turned against him, and had him assassinated at a masquerade ball in the Opera House. The statue was erected in 1808 on the quay where he landed after his victorious war against Russia in 1790.  
• 59.325429218.071029817 Swedish Academy and Nobel Prize Museum. The property north of Stortorget used to be Stockholm's city hall, with a courthouse and jail. In 1776, the Stock Exchange was built here. The building now hosts the Swedish Academy was funded by Gustav III in 1786. First famous for their Swedish dictionary, even more so since 1901, as they were appointed as the jury for the Nobel Prize for literature. The bottom floor of the building hosts the Nobel Prize Museum.  
• 59.32587518.071518 The Obelisk at Slottsbacken. Commissioned by King Gustav III to reward Stockholm's citizens for defending the city in the war against Russia from 1788 to 1790. While the kings mentioned earlier have many monuments in their honour, the obelisk is the only place in Stockholm bearing the name of Gustav IV Adolf, son and successor of Gustav III. Like his father, he lost a war against Russia in 1809. He was forced to cede Finland, was deposed in a coup, and spent the rest of his life in exile. It was replaced by a replica in 2020.  
• 59.32602818.07202829 Karl XIV Johan statue. As Sweden's elderly king Karl XIII had no legitimate heirs, he adopted Napoleon's field marshal Jean Bernadotte, who became Crown Prince, and in 1818 King Karl XIV Johan of Sweden and Norway (which had been forced into a union with Sweden four years earlier). The House of Bernadotte has been on the Swedish throne since then, though the monarchs' power since then has been gradually limited. The statue was erected at Slussen in 1854. In 2018, two centuries after Karl Johan's coronation, the statue got its current location. 
• 59.3258218.0696330 Storkyrkobrinken. In the mid-19th century, Sweden remained one of few European countries where only the Estates (stånd: nobles, clergy, guilds and land-owning farmers) could vote. As the liberal revolutions of 1848 spread to Sweden, suffrage protests at Storkyrkobrinken turned to looting on March 19th. King Oscar I ordered a cavalry unit to disperse the crowd, killing at least 18 people. The event was referred to as "Stockholm's second bloodbath", but as status quo was preserved, it is little known in Sweden today. Sweden never had a revolution, but suffrage was gradually expanded. In 1866, the Estates were abolished, and all property-owning men of age 21 could vote; around 20 per cent of the adult population.  
• 59.3264518.0705519 Royal Guards (Kungliga Högvakten). The outer courtyard is the place for the changing of the Royal Guards (Högvakten). Until the 19th century, they were needed for policing and firefighting. They also had artillery; Sweden has been known for cannon-making for centuries, and four memorial m/1881 cannons (the first Swedish cannon made of steel) remain on the courtyard. Today, the Royal Guards are not a permanent organization; the honour is shared between different units of the Armed Forces. While they are primarily ceremonial, they have authority to use force, and do so against antisocial behaviour around the palace.  
• 59.32613888888918.07038888888920 Christina Gyllenstierna statue. Kristina Nilsdotter (Gyllenstierna) led Sweden's uprising against Denmark in the 1510s. She was the widow of Sweden's acting head of state, Sten Sture the Younger; who had taken the name of his predecessor Sten Sture the Elder (without a bloodline). The statue was erected on the Stockholm Palace courtyard in 1912, as Sweden's first public monument for a woman. Driving forces behind the statue were the defense of Stockholm (with the arms race before Prva svetovna vojna), and the movement for women's suffrage. As in the rest of Europe, many men were drafted, causing more women to take up paid jobs, joining trade unions and women's organizations.  

King Gustav V speaks at the Palace courtyard in 1914 for higher arms spending.

• 59.3266518.0711821 Palace courtyard. In February 1914, the palace courtyard saw the last power grab by a Swedish monarch, borggårdskrisen ("the courtyard crisis"). Due to the threat of war in Europe, King Gustav V demanded higher military spending, refused by liberal Prime Minister Karl Staaff. The King was supported by many celebrities (including explorer Sven Hedin, who had recently charted Central Asia) and 30,000 peasants who had rallied in Stockholm. He made an eloquent courtyard address (borggårdstalet), asserting his power as commander in chief. Four days later, Staaff resigned in protest. While the conservative opposition supported the king's arms race, they would not govern under an overreaching head of state. A caretaker government kept Sweden out of the Great War; though food shortage fueled protests, pushing Sweden to the brink of socialist revolution. A 1918 reform demoted the monarch to a figurehead, and granted universal suffrage. Gustaf V reigned to his death in 1950, at age 92. He is remembered as a patron of sports, and a skilled tennis player. 
• 59.3258118.069122 Helvetesgränd, Prästgatan. This cul-de-sac was since the Middle Ages known as Helvetesgränd, "Hell Alley", due to its location north of the cathedral. As the land north of the church was seen as condemned, it was the home of people with despised professions, such as the executioner. Sweden had capital punishment for many crimes, but over time it was limited. The last execution was carried out in 1910 for murder; the only time a guillotine has been used in Sweden. Since 1921, death sentence was restricted to war time. The 1973 constitution prohibits capital and corporal punishment. 
• 59.3259518.0687723 Italian founder statues, Västerlånggatan 13. Among the lesser noticed sculptures in Gamla Stan, are the gypsum busts of Italijansko founding fathers Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel II and Camillo di Cavour, erected in 1862 on a 17th century building. While the building's connection to Italy is not known, national unity was in vogue in the 1860s. Sweden and Norway were in a personal union from 1814, and Denmark was proposed to join the union as well. Though the Scandinavian nations have very similar languages and cultures, the Norwegians were unhappy with the union, and Norway became independent in 1905. 
• 59.3259318.0657331 The House of Nobility (Riddarhuset). The building for sessions of the noble estate. Most of their privileges were abolished with parliamentary reform in 1866. In 2003, Sweden's nobility became a private organization, with the last token privileges were abolished, such as the King's obligation to resolve kidnapping of noblemen abroad. The building has plenty of statues, enough for a separate tour. 
• 59.3266666718.0686111132 Brandkontoret (Stockholm Fire Insurance Office), Mynttorget 4. Since 1806, this building hosts the Stockholm Fire Office, a property insurance co-operative, founded in 1746 as Scandinavia's oldest surviving insurance company. In the mid-19th century, the company bought wooden buildings and had them replaced with stone buildings, most of which still stand today. To prevent fires, they invested in plumbing and gas lights; typical street lights can still be seen on the building.  
• 59.3265218.0688324 Parliament's democracy exhibition, Mynttorget (Mynttorget). Until 2022, the Swedish Parliament celebrates 100 years of universal suffrage through a display window exhibition. Since 1975, the voting age is 18. The most recent suffrage expansion was in 1989, as adults under guardianship got the right to vote. Mynttorget is usually busy with political demonstrations. 
• 59.3268818.0702833 Royal Palace today (Slottet Kungliga). The Royal Palace remains the monarch's official residence, but King Carl XVI Gustaf, reigning since 1973, lives in Drottningholm Palace in Ekerö. His motto is Za Sverige i tiden ("For Sweden, with the times"); as an avid environmentalist, he had solar panels installed on the palace roof. A 1980 bill gave gender-neutral succession to the throne, making Princess Victoria, born in 1977, the heir apparent. Most of the palace is open to the public, unless being used for a state ceremony. Entrance ticket includes The Royal Apartments, Tre Kronor Museum, Zakladnica, in Gustav III's Museum of Antiquities. Since 2011, a restoration of the Palace's exterior is under way, scheduled to finish in the 2030s.  
• 59.3276918.068525 Swedish Parliament (Sveriges riksdag). Nordic representative governments have their roots in the Old Norse thing, a word still used for the parliaments of Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Sweden has the more German-inspired word riksdag, literally "kingdom day", which used to be an occasional meeting of the four estates. In 1866, the riksdag became a permanent two-chamber parliament, and the original riksdag building on Riddarholmen turned out to be too small for the chambers. As the current building by architect Aron Johansson was finished in 1905, the Neo-Baroque style was criticized for being outdated. The size was also intended to rival the palace. It has a great collection of exterior sculptures, some of them from dismantled government buildings.  
• 59.32741718.06738526 Parliament Chamber (Riksdagens plenisal). The west wing of the building, at Lake Mälaren, was built for the Riksbank office. Since a 1971 reform, the riksdag has only one chamber of 349 members, too many to seat in the old building. A renovation finished in 1983 made room for the new chamber in the west wing, with a bleacher for the public. The old building is used for parliamentary groups and committees. Free guided tours in Swedish and English, and occasional access to sessions and debates. 
• 59.3268318.0679327 Stallbron. The "Stable Bridge" got its name from the stables that occupied the small island before the riksdag. Kanslihuset ("chancellery house") contains offices for members of parliament. For the 1980s renovation, a skybridge between the office and the chamber building was planned, but cancelled. The passage was instead built below the bridge, barely visible from the quays. Before a vote in parliament, the members get a signal 10 minutes in advance, to complete the walk.  

Riksäpplet.

• 59.3279818.067528 Riksäpplet. The Globus cruciger is an ancient symbol for the monarch's divine right to rule on Earth. In Swedish it is more casually known as Riksäpplet, "the kingdom apple", and has been a piece of the Swedish Regalia since the 16th century (on display in the Stockholm Palace Treasury). 20 apples were made of granite for the Riksdag's roof. For a renovation in the 1930s, 14 of them were relocated, two on the ground near the riksdag. The 1980s renovation added glass fiber replicas of the apples to the roof.  
• 59.32847222222218.06583333333334 Rosenbad (Swedish Government Offices). The 1902 Jugend (art nouveau) building was built for a bank, and acquired by the Government of Sweden in 1922. Since the 1980s, most government ministries are located in the neighbouring buildings, connected by underground tunnels. During the 2000s, security has been tightened, with less access by cars. Ni odprto za javnost.  
• 59.32888888888918.06722222222235 Sager House (Sagerska huset), Strömgatan 18. Stockholm has many palaces (see Ogled palače ob obali v Stockholmu). This 1900 neo-Renaissance palace was the last one used as a private home; the last resident, widow Vera Sager, died in 1988. The 1986 assassination of Olof Palme had called for increased security, and since 1995, Sweden's Prime Minister lives here. Ni odprto za javnost.  
• 59.3281818.070336 Museum of Medieval Stockholm (Medeltidsmuseet), Strömparterren. For the 1980s renovation of the Riksdag, the island was excavated to build a garage. Archaeologists found medieval ruins, including pieces of the second city wall. These now form the base of the Museum of Medieval Stockholm.  

Part III: How Sweden was built

From the 1860s to the 1960s, Sweden rose from a poor agrarian country to a post-industrial welfare state, and evaded the World Wars. Stockholm sprawled outwards with railroads and motorways, while the inner city created a national identity with historical monuments, museums and buildings to commemorate (and in some cases romanticize) the past, in particular the lost Swedish Empire.

View from Riksbron across Riddarfjärden. Twin towers of Högalid Church to the left; Heleneborg is at the waterfront just below them. Stockholm City Hall is to the right.

• 59.3282222218.0670555629 Riksbron. This 1931 bridge gives a panoramic view of Stockholm's government offices, as well as Norrström, the stream where the water of Mälaren drops 70 centimeters to the Baltic Sea. To the west, we can see two important locations in the history of the Nobelova nagrada: Heleneborg and Stockholm City Hall.  
• 59.31944444444418.03416666666737 Heleneborg. Heleneborg is a mansion on western Södermalm; while the building itself is difficult to see, it is just below the twin towers of the 1920s Högalid Church. The property's waterfront has been used for various industries since the 17th century; the most famous tenant was the Nobel family, in the 1860s. The Industrial Revolution created demand for the newly discovered nitroglycerin. As it was dangerously unstable, the young chemist Alfred Nobel experimented for a more practical formula. On September 3rd 1864, an explosion (which was heard across the city) killed six people, including Alfred's 21-year old brother Emil. The city tightened safety rules, forcing Alfred to relocate the experiments to barges on the lake. He acquired a new factory in Vinterviken, a suburb a few kilometers further southwest. Two years later, Alfred Nobel invented dynamite and made a fortune, most of which became the foundation for the Nobel Prize, for physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.  
• 59.327518.05472238 Mestna hiša v Stockholmu (Stockholms stadshus). The eastern point of the Kungsholmen island was the site of a steam-powered grain mill named Eldkvarn. It burnt down on 31 October 1878, lighting up the city, coining the still used expression "sedan Eldkvarn brann" (since Eldkvarn burnt down) for something that happened long ago. The City Hall, inspired by the palaces of Benetke as well as national romanticism, was finished in 1923. The most famous event is the Nobel Prize Banquet on 10 December every year.  
• 59.3276518.060739 Western Main Line (Sammanbindningsbanan). Stockholm's central station opened in 1871, together with the double-tracked rail bridge through Gamla Stan. With plenty of hydroelectric power, and no domestic fossil fuels, Sweden's railways were electrified early; most of them by the 1930s. The bridge serves all connections south and west of Stockholm, and became Sweden's most congested rail line, with serious delays in the 2000s. Traffic flow has improved since 2017, when a deep tunnel was built for commuter trains. 
• 59.32833333333318.06986111111140 Norrbro. Built from 1787 to 1807 (vith the first stone laid by Gustav III), this is Stockholm's oldest surviving bridge. In 1853, the bridge was equipped by Stockholm's first gas lights, and in 1881 the first electric arc lamps. A renovation was completed in 2010 (with the first stone laid by Crown Princess Victoria). The lion statues with the hieroglyphics are copies of statues in the Vatican Muzej.  
• 59.3291718.0683330 Gustav Adolfs torg. Gustavus Adolphus II (reigning 1611–1632), is remembered as a commander in the Tridesetletna vojna, where he died in Lützen. The statue was erected in 1796 as Sweden's first mounted statue, and the first of several monuments to commemorate the dwindling Swedish Empire, and restore a national identity. The man depicted at the plinth is Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.  
• 59.32972222222218.0705555555569 The Royal Swedish Opera (Operan), Gustaf Adolfs torg 2. The first opera house was built here in 1782, commissioned by King Gustav III (mentioned above; the statue is also visible left to the Palace) who was assassinated there. The building went obsolete, and was torn down in 1892. The current building was finished in 1898, and stages operas, ballets, concerts, and daily tours in English. The allées in the nearby Kungsträdgården park bear the names of Birgit Nilsson (1918–2005, depicted on the 500 kronor banknote) and Jussi Björling (1911–1960), two of Sweden's most accomplished opera singers. Strömterrassen is a café with an astounding view of the Royal Palace. Within the same building is fine dining restavracija Operakällaren and the beautiful Café Opera nightclub.  
• 59.3296718.07231 Kungsträdgården. The name "the King's Garden" bears witness of the original function as a royal park, open to the public only since the late 18th century. Danes se uporablja za festivale in druge javne prireditve.  
• 59.33002218.07220332 Karl XII:s torg (Charles XII square). Kralj Charles XII (reigning 1697–1718), surrounded by four cannons. As mentioned above he spent his whole adult life at war, leading a disastrous campaign against Russia and spent five years exiled in the Ottoman Empire until he returned to Sweden to attack Norveška, where he died on the battlefield. As usual for warrior kings, Charles XII's legacy has been changing over the centuries. After his death he was described as a warmongering despot, but the wave of national romanticism of the 19th century made him a national hero, honouring him with this statue in 1868. His legacy today is more complex: he has been an icon of the far right, as well as a profile for Sweden's first exchange with puran.  
• 59.331445518.071400341 Charles XIII statue. The statue further north in Kungsträdgården depicts Charles XIII (reigning 1809-1818) surrounded by four lions. He had to cede Finska to Russia, but in 1814, Sweden forced Norway into a union lasting until 1905. He was succeeded by Karl XIV Johan from the House of Bernadotte (mentioned above). The statue was nicknamed ett lejon mellan fyra krukor ("a lion between four pots"), while Charles XIII was called en kruka mellan fyra lejon ("a coward between four lions"), reflecting the late 19th century's public image of the two kings. 
• 59.32972222222218.07555555555610 Grand Hôtel, Södra Blasieholmshamnen 8. A Grand Old Hotel opened in 1874 overlooking the Royal Palace, and the usual accommodation for visiting heads of state, Nobel laureates and pop stars, who can usually walk around the neighbourhood without being too disturbed by fans. The first Nobel Prize ceremonies were held here, and room No 702 is the astounding Nobel Room, where the literature prize winners stay overnight. The restaurant is one of few to regularly serve a Swedish smörgåsbord; historically an appetizer made up by cheese and herring; later expanded to include various seafood and meat. The piano bar is a delightful end-of-the-evening place to get a sophisticated drink.  
• 59.32861111111118.07777777777842 National Museum of Fine Arts (Nationalmuseum), Södra Blasieholmshamnen. Sweden's national museum for 16th to 19th century European art opened in 1866, exhibiting works by Rembrandt, Rubens, Goya, Renoir, Degas and Gauguin, as well as Swedish artists such as Carl Larsson, Ernst Josephson, C F Hill and Anders Zorn, and interior design from the 16th century to present day.  
• 59.32583333333318.08416666666743 Skeppsholmen. Otok Skeppsholmen used to be the headquarters of the Swedish Navy until the 19th century. Today, most buildings are used for government functions, including the Modern Art Museum and the East Asian Museum.  
• 59.3252777818.0802222244 HMS od Chapmana. Popolnoma opremljena ladja, izstreljena leta 1888 pod tem imenom Dunboyne, kasneje G. Kennedy. She ran freight between Gothenburg and Avstralija. Od leta 1915 do 1934 je bila vadbena ladja, od leta 1949 pa jo uporabljajo kot hostel.  
• 59.3302418.0720833 Kungsträdgården elm trees. Med več obnovami parka je bil najbolj sporen izhod podzemne železnice, ki naj bi ga zgradili leta 1971 in zahteval uničenje trinajstih dreves. Javni protesti so prisilili vlado, da je odstopila in preselila izhod v bližnjo stavbo. In the late 2010s, another controversial tree-related plan was cancelled; Apple Computers purchased the property used by TGI Fridays in the northern part of the park, and intended to build a flagship store there.  

Elm tree scarred by a chainsaw in 1971.

• 59.33077777777818.07333333333345 Kungsträdgården metro station. The Kungsträdgården metro station opened in 1977, and is known for its art, with elements from dismantled buildings in and around Kungsträdgården, such as the Makalös palace which burnt down in 1825. Due to the aforementioned protests, the eastern exit was finished as recently as 1987.  
• 59.3310833318.0703611146 Survey Office (Lantmäteristyrelsens hus). Built in 1642 as a leisure palace for Queen Kristina. From 1688 to 1975 it was headquarters to the National Survey Agency.  
• 59.3318305618.0695611147 Tändstickspalatset (Matchstick Palace). A Swedish Grace office building commissioned by Swedish "matchstick king" Ivar Kreuger. Having earnt a Master of Engineering degree at age 20, Kreuger made his first wealth as a skyscraper engineer in New York City, allowing him to invest in the matchstick business from the 1910s. The matches we use today were a Swedish invention, and most them were produced in Sweden. Kreuger came to own 75 per cent of global production. In the Roaring Twenties, he gave low-interest loans to governments such as France and Germany, in exchange for matchstick monopoly. He co-founded the Swedish film industry, mingled with Hollywood stars, became a world celebrity himself, and had the Matchstick Palace finished in 1928. The success story ended with the 1929 Wall Street crash, leading Kreuger to a liquidity crisis which he never resolved. His death (seemingly to his own hand) in 1932 was followed by company bankruptcy, which hit Sweden's economy hard, while already in the middle of the Great Depression. The building had state-of-the-art technology for its time, with electric elevators, central heating, and decorations by Sweden's greatest artists at the time. Limited opportunities for visiting.  

Poster from the 1922 prohibition poll. Crayfish require these drinks. You must abstain from crayfish unless you vote NO on 27th of August.

• 59.332040618.072491648 Systembolaget headquarters. Sweden has traditionally been part of the "vodka belt" with heavy drinking on weekends and holidays. The temperance movement founded in the late 19th century pushed for harsher regulation, and in 1919 rationing of hard liquor was introduced with a personal booklet called motbok. In 1922 Sweden had its first national referendum on the proposal of total prohibition. 51% of the voters voted no (in Stockholm 86%; most teetotalers lived in the countryside). The state-owned Systembolaget is a monopoly retailer; with similar systems in Finland, Norway and Iceland (while Denmark has a more continental system). Since the 1990s, regulation has been harmonized with the Evropska unija, but alcohol tax remains among the world's highest (have a look at the bars across the street, in Kungsträdgården). As Systembolaget is not run for profit, their storefronts are less visible than liquor stores in other countries (a nearby store is in PK-huset, a mall across Hamngatan). The harsh alcohol policy is the reason why Swedish people come to your country to drink alcohol. 

Part IV: Port to the world

View from Nybroplan. The Östermalm district with Strandvägen to the left, Blasieholmen where the Vasa was built in the 17th century to the right. In the distance is Djurgården with the Nordic Museum (left), the Vasa Museum (middle) and Gröna Lund (right); Skansen is behind.

Nybroplan is a waterfront square, with a view over some 20th century events which created Sweden's modern identity. We can sit down and see how Stockholm became a global city.

• 59.332518.0747222234 Berzelii park. Remember that the land rises 1 metre for every 200 years? This park used to be a bay of the Baltic Sea, but by the 19th century it had become a stinking swamp in the middle of the city. The park was built in the 1850s. The statue was the first in Sweden to depict a scientist: Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848), who lived for most of his life on nearby Nybrogatan 9. He discovered silicon, selenium, cerium and thorium, and introduced chemical notation. Swedish chemists have discovered as many as 20 of the 118 elements in the periodic table. The Ytterby mine in near Vaxholm in Stockholmsko otočje (which can be reached with the ferries at the quay) produced ores in which nine rare-earth metals were first discovered; of fwhich yttrium, ytterbium, terbium and erbium got their name from Ytterby. Rare-earth metals became widely useful only in the late 20th century; the deposits in Ytterby are however not commercially viable. The sculptures of playing bears were made in 1909 by Carl Milles, known for his revival of Roman sculpture.  
• 59.3322918.0759435 John Ericsson statue. A statue commemorates John Ericsson, a Swedish 19th century inventor, who got world fame for designing the world's first tank locomotive (the Novost) in 1829, which was a favourite to win the Rainhill Trials on the Liverpool in Manchester Železnica. He settled in New York City in 1839, where he lived until his death in 1889. Among his other inventions were a steam-powered fire hose, a solar-powered engine, and the first modern propeller, used in his design of the USS Monitor, an ironclad which helped the Union win the Ameriška državljanska vojna. John Ericsson was one of 1.5 million Swedes who emigrated to Severna Amerika between the 1830s and the 1910s; more than a quarter of the country's population. From Norway, which was in union with Sweden at the time, 800,000 people crossed the Atlantic. Today, more than 4 million Americans have Swedish ancestry, most of them living in the Midwest. 
• 59.3320618.0760236 Nybrokajen. Nybrokajen, the local quay, is a traffic hub for steamboats to the Stockholmsko otočje, trams and buses. With the 20th century the steamboats have been refitted with diesel engines, some of them running on batteries; they still allow archipelago inhabitants to commute to the city. By 2021, 90 per cent of all public-transport ferries will run on fossil-free fuel.  
• 59.3312418.0813249 Strandvägen. Strandvägen (The Waterfront Road) got its name in 1885, as farms and slum shacks had been replaced by Östermalm, a district of bourgeois apartment palaces, which is still the most affluent part of Stockholm. Strandvägen got Stockholm's first tram line in 1877; horse-powered during the first decades.  
• 59.3291518.093950 Skansen and the Nordic Museum, Djurgårdsvägen 6-16. During Sweden's rapid industrialization in the late 19th century, folklorist Arthur Hazelius saw the need to preserve Swedish folk culture. He founded the open-air museum Skansen (on the hills of Djurgården) in 1891, as well as the Nordic Museum, an impressive cathedral-like building on Djurgården. These institutions were the centerpieces of the 1897 Stockholm World's Fair, and inspired muzeji žive zgodovine around the world, to the extent that Skansen is the noun for open-air museum in Polish, Czech and Hungarian.  
• 59.33333333333318.07694444444411 Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten), Nybroplan. Sweden's national theatre, built in Wienerjugend (art nouveau) style in 1908. The building has rich ornaments in gold and marble, and a row of sculptures, with a bust of playwright August Strindberg (1849-1912) whose play Master Olof inaugurated the building. A statue of actress Margaretha Krook (1925-2001) represents the theatre's later history. The building has a restaurant.  
• 59.3313418.0881551 1912 Olympic rowing course. The first four Olympic games were low-key events stretched across several months. Stockholm hosted the fifth Olympics in 1912, introducing the three-week format still used today, featuring decathlon and pentathlon (both won by Jim Thorpe), women's diving and swimming, electric timing, photo finish, and the first participation of an Asian country (Japonska). Most events were held at the Stockholm Stadium; the world's oldest surviving olympic stadium. The rowing contests had the finish line at Strandvägen. 
• 59.3320218.0751637 Raoul Wallenberg Monument. A monument near the Stockholm Synagogue (finished in 1870) commemorates Raoul Wallenberg, a diplomat who rescued 10,000 Jews in Budimpešta iz the Holocaust. V druga svetovna vojna, Germany occupied Denmark in Norway in 1940, while Finland was co-belligerent with Germany. Sweden remained formally neutral, but made many concessions to Germany to keep peace, including iron export and passage of German troops to Norway and Finland. In late 1942, the Axis atrocities became well known (partially through Swedish diplomats and journalists in Germany), Sweden's government had to mend its reputation, and launched rescue missions during the end of the war. Raoul Wallenberg gave diplomatic passports to Hungarian Jews, and purchased buildings for the Swedish Embassy, which could be used as safehouses. The Sovjetski Army arrived in 1945, and detained Wallenberg for espionage. He was never seen again; while he most probably died in a Moskva prison around 1947, he was long rumoured to be alive, and was declared dead as recently as 2016. He is celebrated as one of few true heroes in a time where Sweden could have done better. The rail tracks from the monument (alluding to the trains to the death camps) lead to the Synagogue.  
• 59.3280718.0913952 Muzej Vasa (Vasamuseet). The Vasa mentioned earlier was found in 1956, as the world's only preserved 17th century warship. The lengthy salvaging process was completed in 1961, and she was towed into a temporary museum. Since 1990, she is on display in the Vasa Museum on Djurgården (with ornamental masts on the roof), Sweden's most visited tourist attraction. The artifacts and body remnants in the ship are an accidental time capsule from nearly 400 years ago.  
• 59.3321618.0738912 Berns Bar, Berzelii Park 9. A nightclub and music hall built in 1863, which was first in Sweden to show cancan in 1866, and to serve Chinese food in 1944. The stage has hosted world stars such as Josephine Baker, Marlene Dietrich, Liza Minnelli, Frank Sinatra, Miriam Makeba and Rihanna. In the 21th century, Berns remains timeless and trendy.  
• 59.32305555555618.09611111111153 Gröna Lund. An amusement park founded in 1883. Since the 1960s, Gröna Lund has been a stage for concerts by pop stars from the English-speaking world. Louis Armstrong, Bob Marley, Jimi Hendrix, Kiss and Lady Gaga have played here; and of course ABBA, who have a dedicated museum and stage show next door to the park. As German hegemony ended, Sweden quickly adopted the English language and Anglo-saxon popular culture, today having the world's second-highest English proficiency in non-Anglophone countries, behind only the Nizozemska.  
• 59.3327318.0765338 Nybroplan tram station (The day when Sweden switched driving side). Sweden used to have left-hand traffic since the 18th century. Nybroplan was one of Sweden's busiest intersection, and the country's first traffic light was set up at Nybroplan in 1924. As most cars were fit for right-hand traffic (and all neighbouring countries drove on the right) there was pressure for a switch. A referendum in 1955 rejected the proposal, but Sweden finally organized a transition from left to right to take place on September 3rd, 1967. Stockholm's trams had to be dismantled, and were replaced by metro and buses. Line 7, to Djurgården, was restored in 1991 as a heritage line, regular since 2009. 
• 59.33318.0767654 World's highest taxes (Dramaten). In the 1970s, the Social Democrats had governed Sweden for four decades, and expanded the Swedish welfare state, which included arts institutions such as Dramaten, and the aforementioned museums. The principle used to be from each according to his ability, as the marginal tax rate for high income brackets approached 100 per cent. Those who had the means did what they could to find loopholes. In 1974, 18-year old tennis prodigy Björn Borg caused outrage as he moved to Monako to escape taxes. April 6 the same year is considered the birthday of Swedish pop music, as Blue Swede's Hooked on a Feeling headed the Billboard list; and on the same day ABBA won the Eurovision Song Contest. Those bands can attribute some of their fame from their exotic costumes; in the 1970s, kitschy stage wear was not just a fashion statement, as they were intentionally designed to be useless as private clothing, to be tax deductible. Director Ingmar Bergman, known for The Seventh Seal in Fanny in Alexander worked at Dramaten for decades, until 1976, when police entered the building during a rehearsal, and arrested Bergman for tax fraud; though he was later acquitted, he left the country. The same year, equally world-renowned children's writer Astrid Lindgren (who later had adaptations of her books staged at Dramaten) had to pay a marginal tax rate at 102% and wrote a satirical fairytale on the theme. These celebrity tax protests contributed to the Social Democratic government losing the election the same year to a centre-right coalition. In a kind of dramatic irony, both Lindgren and Bergman are portrayed on today's Swedish banknotes. In the 2000s, wealth and inheritance tax were abolished, and as consumption taxes are high, the low-income classes bear much of the burden for Swedish welfare. 
• 59.3331118.0745513 Hallwyll Museum (Hallwyllska Museet), Hamngatan 4. This urban palace was built in 1898 for Walther och Wilhelmina von Hallwyl, collectors of art and antiques from around the world. Since 1938 it is a museum, showcasing upper-class life of the early 20th century. Some of the rooms have a historical or geographic theme. Restaurant open in summer.  
• 59.333664818.074514614 Konstnärshuset (The Artists' House), Smålandsgatan 7. The Swedish Artists' Association's building opened in 1899, inspired by Spanish and Italian Renesančna arhitektura. The bar, Konstnärsbaren, opened in 1931 and has wall paintings by Sweden's most famous artists of the time.  

Part V: The world's most modern city

Stockholm's central business district was redeveloped for motorized commuting during the 1960s, in a time marked by the Hladna vojna with a nuclear threat, and the consolidation of Sweden's welfare state. The rise of environmentalism, counterculture and street crime shattered the utopia. By year 2000, Stockholm had become a world leader in computing, sustainable technology and pop music. This is the scene for some of Sweden's most dramatic events during the last decades: a hostage crisis, two assassinations, and a terrorist attack.

• 59.33333333333318.07277777777839 Norrmalmstorg. This square was on the waterfront until the 19th century. Today, Norrmalmstorg is surrounded by high-end offices, and is the most expensive property in the Swedish edition of Monopoly. The 1971 sculpture Laura depicts a chicken fleeing from motor traffic.  
• 59.3333418.0739615 Nobis Hotel (Kreditbanken). The 19th-century Kreditbanken building is known for the 1973 Norrmalmstorg robbery. The furloughed prisoner Jan Olsson tried to rob the bank; as the police arrived, he instead took three female bank tellers as hostages. The five-day standoff was broadcast live in Swedish television (with intermissions from King Gustav VI Adolf's deathbed), with notorious criminal Clark Olofsson and Prime Minister Olof Palme called in as negotiators. The police used tranquilizing gas to defeat the robber. The dramatic robbery led to urban legends, and a psychologist who never met the hostages made the false assumption that the hostages sympathized (and implicitly fell in love) with the robber, coining the term Stockholmski sindrom for a situation where a captive supports a perpetrator. Since 2009, the building is a hotel with a restaurant. 
• 59.3333218.0728340 Frihetens källa (Baltic independence monument). Kot Baltic States tried to secede from the Sovjetska zveza in 1990, protests were held on Norrmalmstorg every Monday for more than a year, until their independence. In 1994, their struggle for freedom was commemorated with a fountain, with three stone sculptures representing Estonija, Latvija, in Litva. Sweden promoted the Baltic States' accession to the Evropska unija. 
• 59.33294418.06910816 NK (Nordiska Kompaniet), Hamngatan 18-20. An upmarket department store opened in 1915, with classic fashion and Nordic furnishing. Well known for the clock tower, and the elaborate Christmas display window decorations. On September 10th, 2003, a Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh was assassinated here. She had campaigned for the adoption of the euro in the referendum four days later. While the crime shocked the country, the killer was caught and sentenced to life in prison. NK has several cafés; one on the top floor, and NK Art Bakery at Regeringsgatan.  
• 59.33232118.06985555 Volvo Studio Stockholm. While Volvo is based in Göteborg, the company was actually founded in Stockholm in 1926, as a subsidiary of ball-bearing maker SKF. Volvo remains Sweden's best-selling car, and one of the most recognized Swedish brands abroad. Volvo cars are markeded for their safety; in 1959 they released the 544 PV, the world's first car with 3-point seatbelts as standard issue. Volvo Cars is Chinese-owned since 2009. Volvo Group, the commercial vehicle manufacturer, remains Swedish. 
• 59.334757218.067531356 IKEA Showroom, Regeringsgatan 65. IKEA was founded in 1943 by 17-year old travelling salesman Ingvar Kamprad. The first store opened in Älmhult in 1953, and the second one in 1965 in Kungens Kurva south of Stockholm. Today IKEA is the world's largest furniture retailer; and while their Swedishness is the foundation for their brand, their headquarters is today in the Nizozemska. They have a showroom in central Stockholm, with various themes (kitchens, as of 2020). 
• 59.331005118.0679857 Spotify headquarters, Regeringsgatan 19. Spotify, founded in 2008, is the world's largest music streaming service as of 2020. In the early 2000s, Sweden was famous for pop music; and with world-leading telecoms infrastructure also became infamous for music piracy in the 2000s, with services such as Kazaa and The Pirate Bay developed in Sweden. Spotify was one of the first legal platforms for music streaming. Swedish electronic music DJs such as Avicii and Swedish House Mafia gave them an international breakthrough. 
• 59.3321918.0664141 Klara bomb shelter (Klara skyddsrum). Stockholm had several bomb shelters built for druga svetovna vojna, which never came to Sweden. As Sweden was officially non-aligned in the Hladna vojna, with universal draft and a world-class air force, the threat of nuclear weapons required deeper bunkers. Many were built parallel to the Stockholm metro, for peacetime use as garages. The nearby Johannes bunker opened in 1955 as the world's first nuclear-proof shelter. The Klara shelter from the 1960s can hold 8,000 people (among them the government), and has several entrances (through the Riksbank garage and the metro), and a backup power plant with air conditioning; as the occupants would emit nearly 1 MW of body heat. V šestdesetih letih je tudi Švedska razvijala jedrsko orožje in ji je po prekinitvi programa primanjkovalo nekaj gramov plutonija. Od razpada Sovjetske zveze je jedrska grožnja proti Švedski manj kritična.  
• 59.3326818.0664542 Malmskillnadsgatan. Na povišani ulici Malmskillnadsgatan prevladujejo poslovne stavbe. Ker je ulica osrednja, ob večerih še vedno zapuščena, je postala razvpita kot ulica prostitucije; leta 1999 je Švedska postala prva država na svetu, ki je inkriminirala nakup (vendar ne zagotavlja) spolnih storitev. Most ponuja pogled na Sergels torg in novo poslovno četrt.  
• 59.332518.06444444444458 Sergels torg. Na vrhu podzemnih postaj in zaklonišč za bombe je bila zgrajena tehnokratska utopija iz šestdesetih let: osrednje poslovno okrožje s širokimi ulicami za avtomobile (zdaj z desnim prometom), obdano s sedežem banke in trgovskim centrom Gallerian. Družbeno je bil projekt neuspešen. Prometni hrup je bil oglušujoč, kolesarji in pešci so bili razseljeni, trg pa je znan po nesocialnem vedenju in trgovanju z mamili, čemur so se pošteni ljudje izognili po zaprtju pisarne. Trg je bil obnovljen v 2010-ih, da je pešcem vrnil ulični prostor, danes pa je zaposlen s protesti, bliskovnimi mobi in srečanji. Hitre stavbe iz šestdesetih let so bile preurejene za trajnostno rabo energije in prosocialno zasnovo. Banke in vladne agencije so se preselile na primestne lokacije, tako da so naredile prostor za hotele, restavracije, strešne ohišja in tehnološke pisarne.  
• 59.3317444418.0659638959 Sveriges Riksbank. Prej omenjena Riksbank prebiva tukaj od leta 1976. Leta 1968 je banka v spomin na Alfreda Nobela izdala nagrado za ekonomijo skupaj z rednimi Nobelovimi nagradami. Švedska je evro na referendumu leta 2003 zavrnila, vendar ostaja najstarejša centralna banka na svetu. Od leta 2020 je Švedska ena najbolj brezgotovinskih držav na svetu.  
• 59.33111118.06166760 Cerkev Klara (Klara kyrka). Zgrajena v 16. stoletju, je to druga najvišja skandinavska cerkev s 116 metri. Ena redkih stavb, ki je preživela prenovo v šestdesetih letih, je osnova za dobrodelnost brezdomcev in drugih v stiski.  
• 59.3319444418.0647222217 ^{[mrtva povezava]}Hiša kulture (Kulturhuset). Kulturhuset je betonska zgradba iz sedemdesetih let, ki je bila prvič uporabljena kot začasna lokacija švedskega parlamenta. Od osemdesetih let je Stockholm City Theatre, knjižnice, galerije in kavarne. V spodnjem nadstropju je razstavni salon, v katerem se trenutno izvajajo gradnje v Stockholmu (Stockholmsrummet) z maketo, vključno z načrtovanimi stavbami. Zgornje nadstropje ima osupljiv pogled na osrednjo poslovno četrt.  

Ulični kotiček na izhodu podzemne železnice do blagovnice Åhléns je priljubljeno stičišče. Leta 2017 je v stavbo trčil tovornjak, ki ga je vozil terorist. Od leta 2020 je to eno izmed številnih mest s semaforji istospolnih parov.

• 59.3326918.0624243 Drottninggatan semaforji. Ena najprometnejših nakupovalnih ulic v Stockholmu je od 17. stoletja znana kot "Kraljičina ulica", na videz poimenovana po vladajoči kraljici Kristini. Medtem ko odsek proti Gamla Stanu zapolnjujejo splošne verige trgovin in kavarn, bolj alternativno nakupovanje in restavracije najdete severneje. Križišče z Mäster Samuelsgatan je eno izmed številnih, kjer so na semaforjih upodobljeni istospolni pari, ki spominjajo na LGBT gibanje; homoseksualnost je bila dekriminalizirana leta 1944, civilne zveze so bile dovoljene leta 1995, zakonska zveza pa je leta 2009 postala spolno nevtralna (glej tudi LGBT Stockholm). 
• 59.333168618.062195918 Sedež H&M, Drottninggatan 56. Hennes & Mauritz, na kratko H&M, je od leta 2020 največji modni prodajalec na svetu. Ustanovljen leta Västerås leta 1947 imajo sedež v Stockholmu z več trgovinami po mestu. V stavbi sedeža iz leta 2008 je kavarna s tipično švedsko opremo.  
• 59.3335918.0616944 Drottninggatan / Bryggargatan. Med božično nakupovalno sezono leta 2010 je terorist, ki je podpiral Islamsko državo, v tem križišču eksplodiral avtomobil, ki se je samo ubil in še dva ranil. Aprila 2017 je še en terorist, ki ga je navdihnila tudi Islamska država, vozil tovornjak po Drottninggatanu in ubil pet ljudi, 14 pa jih ranil, preden je trčil v veleblagovnico Åhléns. Betonske pregrade v obliki leva niso uspele ustaviti vozila in so jih nadomestili precej težji levi.  
• 59.334638918.061223119 Sijač znamke Scandic. Stavba na zahodu je nekdanja veleblagovnica, imenovana PUB po ustanovitelju Paulu U. Bergströmu; in skupaj z drugimi stavbami v bližini primer Švedska milost; lokalna razlaga Umetniška dekoracija, z pridihom klasicizma. Leta 1917 je Vladimir Lenin šel skozi Stockholm na poti domov St. Petersburg za rusko revolucijo, tukaj kupili novo obleko. Leta 1920 je tu začela delati Greta Garbo (kasneje hollywoodska zvezda, upodobljena na švedskem bankovcu za 100 kr). Od leta 2016 je stavba hotel z opremo iz 1920-ih in a jazz obnovljeno okolje v salonu.  
• 59.3350818.0632245 Koncertna dvorana v Stockholmu (Stockholms konserthus). A Švedska milost stavba, odprta leta 1926, domači oder Kraljeve filharmonije in kraj letnice Nobelova nagrada slovesnosti (razen nagrade za mir, ki se podeli v Ljubljani Oslo), kot tudi Polarjeva glasbena nagrada od leta 1989 in spominska nagrada Astrid Lindgren za otroško književnost od leta 2003.  
• 59.3348638918.0621722246 Hötorget. Hötorget je kot tak ("Trg sena") znan že od 17. stoletja. Blago, s katerim se trguje, se je skozi čas spreminjalo; danes je trg znan po svojih stojnicah. Prebivalstvo Švedske je bilo do petdesetih let 20. stoletja izjemno homogeno, ko se je država soočila s hudim pomanjkanjem delovne sile in se odprla za priseljevanje. Švedska je sprejela več beguncev na prebivalca kot katera koli druga država zahodne Evrope; zlasti po drugi svetovni vojni, jugoslovanskih vojnah v devetdesetih in vojnah v 2010 v Sirija in Afganistanu. Na novo prispeli priseljenci so bili običajno koncentrirani v nekaj primestnih soseskah vzdolž podzemne železnice in so prevladovali nad nekaterimi podjetji, vključno s trgovino na drobno in restavracijami. Podzemna tržna dvorana Hötorgshallen prodaja švedske in mednarodne dobrote (glej Nordijska kuhinja).  

Thulehuset je stavba na Sveavägen 44 in konec te ture. V desnem kotu ulice je bil leta 1986 umorjen premier Olof Palme. Od leta 2021 v stavbi gostijo Klarna in King Digital Entertainment, nekatera najslavnejša švedska tehnološka zagonska podjetja, pa tudi trendovskega trgovca s hrano Urban Deli.

• 59.3366418.0627447 Prizor na atentat na Olofa Palmeja (Skandiahuset), Sveavägen 42. 28. februarja 1986 sta švedski premier Olof Palme in njegova žena Lisbeth spontano načrtovala, da bosta večer preživela na Grand kino z njihovim sinom in njegovo zaročenko, ne da bi pri tem priklicali svoje telesne stražarje. Na poti domov je za Palme prišel neznani moški, ki ga je z revolverjem takoj ustrelil in zbežal vzdolž Tunnelgatana. Policija in vlada sta izvedli več neuspešnih preiskav in ustvarili verigo političnih škandalov na najvišji ravni; ker je bil Palme slavni in kontroverzni svetovni vodja, so bili med njimi tudi osumljenci Južni Afričan vohuni, Kurdsko odporniško gibanjein policija sama. Leta 1989 je mestno sodišče v Stockholmu krivega osamljenega Christerja Petterssona spoznalo za krivega; čeprav je prizivno sodišče Svea pozneje ugotovilo razumen dvom in ga oprostilo. Od takrat je umor navdihoval romanopisce in teoretike zarote. Junija 2020 je policija predstavila novega osumljenca: grafičnega oblikovalca Stiga Engströma, ki je delal za zavarovalnico Skandia v stavbi na kraju umora in bil ena redkih prič. Ker je bil od leta 2000 mrtev, je primer zaključen. Palme je bil pokopan v bližnji cerkvi Adolfa Fredrika, ulica v bližini pa je bila preimenovana Olof Palmes gata v spomin na žrtev.  

Epilog: Sodobne znamenitosti

Ogled zaključimo v strešnem baru s pogledom na najvišje zgradbe v Stockholmu, ki predstavljajo različna obdobja sodobnega razvoja v Stockholmu.

• 59.336889218.062365720 Urban Deli strešni bar, Sveavägen 44. Thulehuset je funkcionalna poslovna stavba iz leta 1942. Danes sta v njej dva švedska "samoroga" (tehnološka zagonska podjetja, vredna milijarde): plačnik Klarnain razvijalec iger King Digital Entertainment (znan po Candy Crush Saga in Saga o čarovnicah z mehurčki). Urban Deli je trendovska veriga živil s strešno palico. 

Delovni čas Urban Deli je omejen; je nekaj alternativnih vidikov na strehi 59.330519418.0671521 Tak (Brunkebergstorg) in 59.331118.059522 Scandic Continental.

• 59.33777777777818.06027777777861 Cerkev Adolfa Fredrika (Adolf Fredriks kyrka), Holländargatan 16. Cerkev, imenovana po kralju Adolfu Fredriku, je bila zgrajena v letih 1768-1774. Zunanjost je precej nedotaknjena, medtem ko je bila notranjost korenito spremenjena v devetdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja. V cerkvi je spomenik filozofu Renéju Descartesu, ki je zadnja leta v Stockholmu poučeval kraljico Kristino, dokler ni umrl zaradi pljučnice. Premier Olof Palme je pokopan na pokopališču, južno od cerkvene stavbe.  
• 59.3394444418.0644444462 Sankt Johannes kyrka (S: t Janezova cerkev). Opečna cerkev iz leta 1890 v neogotskem slogu, ki jo navdihujejo srednjeveške švedske katedrale. Stoji na Brunkebergsåsenu, grebenu sever-jug skozi Stockholm. Samostoječi zvonik je edina preostala lesena stavba Norrmalma.  
• 59.3361111118.0655555663 Kungstornen. Neoklasični stolpi dvojčkov od 1924 do 1925, ki jih je navdihnil Manhattan zgradbe, ki predstavljajo ropotajoča dvajseta leta, in najjužnejši ostanki Brunkebergsåsena.  
• 59.3341666718.0636111164 Nebotičniki Hötorget. Povojna gospodarska ekspanzija je prinesla prenovo Norrmalma v petdesetih in šestdesetih letih 20. stoletja, ki je bila vidna skozi pet 19-nadstropnih poslovnih stavb v Hötorgetu, v mednarodnem slogu.  
• 59.33518.12638888888965 Kaknästornet. Brutalistični televizijski stolp iz leta 1967, v katerem je bila najvišja krovna opazovalnica v Stockholmu, dokler ni bil leta 2018 zaprt.  

Pogled proti severu iz Urban Deli. Z leve: Cerkev Adolfa Fredrika, Norra tornen, javna knjižnica v Stockholmu, center Wenner-Gren.

• 59.3511111118.0486111166 Wenner-Gren Center. Pisarniški stolp za mednarodne raziskovalce, ki je bil leta 1961 najvišji evropski jekleni nebotičnik.  
• 59.34583333333318.03388888888967 Norra tornen. Stanovanjski nebotičniki dvojčki so končali leta 2020. Med Wenner-Gren Center in Norra tornen, novo četrt v kampusu z imenom Hagastaden se gradi v petdesetih letih 20. stoletja okrog Karolinskega inštituta (znan po izročitvi Nobelove nagrade za medicino) z namenom, da bi Stockholm razvil kot znanstveno skupino za prihodnost.  

Glej Okoljska turneja v Stockholmu za vlogo Stockholma pri trajnostni tehnologiji za prihodnje generacije.

Časovnica

• 8.000 pred našim štetjem: Ledena kapica nad Stockholmom se stopi in pušča odprto morje.
• 4.000 pr. Naselja iz kamene dobe.
• 2.500 pr. N. Št.: Södermalmovi griči se pojavijo iz morja.
• AD 900: Višina vikinške dobe. Stockholmski otoki so poravnani. Prvi krščanski misijonarji prispejo na Švedsko.
• 1007: Poglavar Vikinga Olaf (kasneje norveški Olaf II) opustoši naselja na Mälarenu.
• 1187: Karelski gusarji zapuščajo Sigtuno. Nekaj ​​let kasneje je zgrajen grad Tre Kronor.
• 1252: Birger jarl v pismu omenja Stockholm.
• 10. oktober 1471: Švedski separatisti so v bitki pri Brunkebergu premagali unioniste.
• 7. in 9. novembra 1520: Stockholmska krvava kopel: Kristian II. Iz Danske ima obglavljenih vsaj 80 švedskih plemičev.
• 24. junij 1523: Gustav Vasa osvobodi Stockholm in od takrat osamosvaja Švedsko.
• 10. avgust 1628: Vasa ponori.
• 7. maj 1697: Grad Tre Kronor zgori, nadomestil pa ga bo Stockholmska palača.
• 16. marec 1792: Gustav III je bil umorjen v operni hiši.
• 19. marec 1848: Vojaki ubijejo najmanj 18 volilnih upravičencev v Storkyrkobrinkenu.
• 3. septembra 1864: eksplodira tovarna nitroglicerina Alfreda Nobela v Heleneborgu, ki ubije šest ljudi. Dve leti kasneje je izumil dinamit.
• 10. december 1901: Prva podelitev Nobelove nagrade
• 6. julij 1912: otvoritev petih poletnih olimpijskih iger
• 27. avgust 1922: Prva nacionalna anketa: 51% Švedov zavrača prepoved alkohola
• 1. oktober 1950: Odprla se je prva linija podzemne železnice v Stockholmu, od Slussena do Hökarängna
• 11. Junija 1956: Konjeniški dogodki na XVI. Poletnih olimpijskih igrah v Stockholmu (glavni dogodek v Ljubljani Melbourne)
• 25. avgust 1956: Vasa je ponovno odkrit in rešen pet let kasneje.
• 29. junij 1958: Švedska gosti svetovno prvenstvo v nogometu FIFA, švedska reprezentanca pa igra finale leta Solna severno od Stockholma. Brazilija zmaga 5-2.
• 3. september 1967: Preklop na desni promet
• 12. maj 1971: protest proti bezgu v Kungsträdgårdnu
• 23. – 28. Avgust 1973: Norrmalmstorška talna kriza
• 28. februarja 1986: Olof Palme je umorjen.
• 1995: Švedska se pridružuje Evropski uniji.
• 10. september 2003: Anna Lindh je bila umorjena.
• 2008: Ustanovljen je bil Spotify. Hekerji za The Pirate Bay so preganjani. Globalna finančna kriza pretresa Švedsko.
• 7. april 2017: Teroristični napad na Drottninggatan ubije pet ljudi.

Pojdi naprej

• Drottninggatan, Västerlånggatan in Götgatan: 4 kilometre nakupov in restavracij
• Tura po visokogorju Södermalm: Največja fotografija in umetniški sprehod v Stockholmu s številnimi predindustrijskimi zgradbami
• Ogled palače ob obali v Stockholmu: izložba bogatih in slavnih v Stockholmu od srednjega veka do danes
• Tisočletna turneja: Kriminalistična drama Stiega Larssona
• Nobelov turizem, povezane z življenjem Alfreda Nobela in Nobelovo nagrado
• Ekerö z Birko (prvo mesto na Švedskem) in Drottningholmom (kraljeva rezidenca)
• Sigtuna
• Uppsala