Evropska klasična glasba - European classical music

Čeprav imajo številne civilizacije po svetu tradicijo klasična glasba, kadar se uporablja kot splošni izraz, se stavek običajno razume kot sklic na vrsto klasične glasbe, ki je nastala leta Evropi.

Razumeti

Zgodovina

Portret 14-letnega Wolfganga Amadeusa Mozarta, ki igra klavir

Medtem ko ima klasična glasba korenine v srednjem veku, so najbolj znane dobe Baročno obdobje (konec 16. do sredine 18. stoletja), Klasično obdobje (sredina 18. do začetka 19. stoletja) in Romantično obdobje (19. do začetka 20. stoletja). Seveda se je v praksi prehod iz enega obdobja v naslednje zgodil postopoma skozi vrsto let, glasba, napisana v prehodnih obdobjih, pa je pogosto vsebovala vidike obdobij, ki so jih prečkali. Veliko klasične glasbe se piše tudi danes, sodobna klasična glasba pa ima marsikje po svetu vsaj nišo.

Od konca 19. stoletja na evropsko klasično glasbo močno vpliva glasba z vsega sveta. Zlasti so vplivali na impresionistične skladatelje (Claude Debussy in Maurice Ravel, ki sta bila najbolj znana) Javanski in Balijsko glasba gamelana in glasba iz Kitajska; Afriško ameriški glasba, kot je ragtime, jazz blues pa je vplival na številne klasične skladatelje; in zapletena poliritmična glasba Afriko navdihnil številne modernistične skladatelje, da so uporabljali zapletene ritme in poudarjali udarne zvoke. Kolonizacija in kulturna izmenjava pa po vsem svetu širijo izvajanje in sestavljanje klasične glasbe v evropskem slogu in klasične glasbe, na katero očitno vplivajo lokalne in evropske tradicije. Zanimivo je, da se glavno središče klasične glasbe v 21. stoletju nedvomno seli iz Evrope in Severne Amerike v vzhodno Azijo, saj je ta del sveta na splošno podrl trend naraščajoče povprečne starosti občinstva klasične glasbe.

Klasični ansambli so bili običajno odvisni od pokroviteljev. V starih časih so bila to zlasti velika cesarska sodišča, kakršna so bila sodišča Avstro-Ogrsko cesarstvo, Rusko cesarstvo, Francija, Prusija, Burgundija, Neapeljsko kraljestvo papeško in rimskokatoliško cerkev na splošno, pa tudi ugledne mestne države, kot sta Benetke in Firence, ki so podpirale glasbo, medtem ko so danes to pogosto državne, provincialne ali občinske vlade ali fundacije, ki so jih ustanovili bogati posamezniki in korporacije.

Klasična glasba danes

Čeprav je klasična glasba v današnjem času nekoliko nišno področje, je vsaj v večjem delu Evrope zelo prisotna v družbi. Večina večjih mest ima občinski orkester, veliko je manjših profesionalnih in amaterskih zasedb, večina zborov in pihalnih godb pa ima v repertoarju nekaj klasičnih del. Večina evropskih vasi priredi vsaj en ali dva koncerta na leto, bodisi v svoji cerkvi ali župnijski dvorani bodisi na lokalni znamenitosti. Tako boste z lahkoto našli koncerte kjer koli v Evropi. Številna večja mesta po svetu imajo v enem ali več svojih parkih tudi stojnice ali školjke, kjer lahko lokalni ansambli klasične glasbe organizirajo brezplačne koncerte za posebne priložnosti, običajno v poletnih mesecih.

Večina glasbe velikih skladateljev klasičnih skladateljev v preteklih letih še naprej prežema moderno življenje, saj se takšna glasba pogosto uporablja v filmskih partiturah, oglaševanju in celo citira v sodobni pop glasbi. Klasična glasba še danes nastaja za sodobne filmske partiture z Ennijem Morriconejem ( Trilogija dolarjev, Poslanstvo, Sovražna osmerica), John Williams (Vojna zvezd, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones, Jurski park, E.T. zunajzemeljski), Howard Shore (Gospodar prstanov, Hobit, Ko jagenjčki obmolknejo) in Hans Zimmer (Levji kralj, Pirati s Karibov, Temni vitez) so gospodinjska imena tudi ljudem, ki niso glasbeno nagnjeni. Drugo področje, kjer ima sodobna klasična glasba pomembno vlogo, je industrija video iger, med katerimi so nekateri znani skladatelji glasbe za video igre Nobuo Uematsu (Final Fantasy, Sprožilec Chrono), Christopher Tin (Civilizacije IV, Civilizacije VI), Koji Kondo (Super Mario Bros, Legenda o Zeldi) in Martin O'Donnell (Halo).

The Evropska unija praznuje glasbeno dediščino celine z uporabo Beethovnove glasbene skladbe Oda radosti kot svojo himno. Veliko Latinsko državne himne, predvsem tiste iz Argentina, Francija, Italija, in Urugvaj, navdušenci nad klasično glasbo so znani po svojih opernih lastnostih, medtem ko je melodija za himno Republike Slovenije Nemčija je zložil slavni avstrijski skladatelj iz 18. stoletja Joseph Haydn (čeprav prvotno z drugačnim namenom z različnimi besedili). Rusko skladatelja Aleksandra Aleksandrova je oboževalec (Jožef Stalin) naročil epsko zborovsko državno himno Sovjetske zveze, katere melodija se še vedno uporablja za sodobno rusko himno. Začetne palice KanadaDržavna himna ima tudi nenavadno podobnost z Mozartovim Pohodom duhovnikov Die Zauberflöte.

Žanri

Klasična glasbena dela so razvrščena v različne zvrsti.

  • Komorna glasba je glasba, napisana za majhen ansambel (običajno 3-9 igralcev).
  • A simfonija je napisan za polni simfonični orkester in ima običajno 3-4 stavke.
  • A koncert je skladba za enega ali več solistov inštrumentalistov in orkestra, na splošno v treh stavkih.
  • Liturgična glasba je namenjen opravljanju v verski službi. A maso je glasbena postavitev besed običajnih katoliških molitev; a rekvijem je pogrebna maša; večernice so standardni nabor katoliških večernih molitev; a motet je postavitev drugih verskih besedil, na primer iz Biblije; an himna je vrsta anglikanske zborovske glasbe, ki običajno uporablja besedila iz Svetega pisma; a strast je postavitev evangeljskih odlomkov o dogodkih, ki so vodili do Jezusovega križanja. Glej Krščanstvo # krščanska glasba za več informacij.
  • A kantata je delo za enega ali več vokalnih solistov ob spremljavi orkestra ali manjše zasedbe in pogosto vključuje refren. Kantate so v luteranski cerkvi liturgične, lahko pa so tudi na posvetne teme.
  • A sonata je delo za inštrumente, običajno 3-4 gibe in običajno za 1-2 igralca, včasih (kot v primeru baročnih trio sonat) za štiri ali več.
  • Balet je klasični ples ali glasba za tak ples.
  • Opera je klasični dvojnik glasbeno gledališče. Za razliko od glasbenega gledališča naj bi pevci glas projicirali brez uporabe mikrofonov. Številne francoske opere vključujejo tudi enega ali več baletnih segmentov. Včasih lahko naletite tudi na izraz opereta, ki je lahkotno delo z govorjenim dialogom in je splošno znano kot predhodnica sodobnega glasbenega gledališča.
  • An oratorij je podobna operi, vendar manj pogosto uprizorjena in pogosteje uprizorjena v cerkvi ali koncertni dvorani, besedilo pa je pogosto religiozno.
  • An umetniška pesem ali Lagal (izgovarja se kot angleška beseda "lead"; množina Lieder) je postavitev besed znanega pesnika, običajno za samostojnega pevca ob spremljavi klavirja in včasih vključno z drugim instrumentom.
  • Naključna glasba je glasba, napisana za igro, film, video igro ali kakšen drug medij predstavitve, ki ni predvsem glasben.

Terminologija

Glasbo, napisano pred letom 1700 ali več, še posebej pred letom 1600, pogosto imenujemo "zgodnja glasba", instrumentalne zasedbe, ki so specializirane za izvajanje tega repertoarja, pa se pogosto imenujejo skupine "zgodnje glasbe" ali, če uporabljajo inštrumente, zgrajene v podobnem slogu kot tisti v uporabi v tistih stoletjih skupine "originalnih instrumentov".

Glasbo, ki je bila napisana od leta 1900, zlasti po drugi svetovni vojni, pogosto imenujejo "moderna" ali "sodobna" glasba, ansambli, specializirani za izvajanje teh obdobij klasične glasbe, pa se pogosto imenujejo ansambli "sodobne glasbe", zlasti če o svetovnih premierah in drugi nedavno sestavljeni glasbi, zasedbah "nova glasba".

Polno veliki orkestri se pogosto imenujejo "simfonični orkester" ali "filharmonija". Simfonični orkester je primeren za igranje običajnega simfoničnega repertoarja, vključno s simfonijami Šostakoviča (za Mahlerjeve simfonije bo morda treba najeti dodatno osebje za koncert). "Filharmonija" pomeni "ljubezen do harmonije". Čeprav imajo ti izrazi različna izpeljanka, se "simfonični orkester" in "filharmonija" v praksi nanašata na enako veliko zasedbo z enakim dopolnilom instrumentov, ki igrajo glasbo iz istega repertoarja. Kljub temu se natančna sestava orkestrov razlikuje od komada do komada, številne opere in baleti pa zahtevajo orkestre, ki se bistveno razlikujejo od običajnega simfoničnega orkestra. Na primer Mozartova Die Zauberflöte zahteva glockenspiel, Čajkovskega Hrestač zahteva celesta, večina baročnih del in oper klasičnega obdobja pa a basso continuo ki ga sestavljajo čembalo in morda violončelo, teorbe in / ali fagoti.

Večina orkestrov je sestavljena iz štirih družin inštrumentov, in sicer družin godal, pihala, trobil in tolkal. Kljub svojim imenom se izraza "pihalo" in "medenina" ne nanašata na material, iz katerega je instrument izdelan, temveč se uporabljata za razvrščanje inštrumentov glede na to, kako se proizvaja zvok. Na primer, saksofon je običajno izdelan iz medenine, vendar je uvrščen med pihala, medtem ko sta kornet in alphorn običajno iz lesa, vendar sta uvrščena med trobila. Razlika je v tem, da pihala zahtevajo, da izvajalec v usta vstavi trst ali ustnik ali piha čez ustno ploščo, medtem ko medeninasti instrumenti zahtevajo, da izvajalec brenči z ustnicami na ustnik, ki je pritisnjen na obe ustnici.

Drugo vprašanje, ki ga ljudje, ki so jih na novo predstavili v orkestrih, pogosto postavljajo, je, kakšna je razlika med "prvimi violinami" in "drugimi violinami". Odgovor je, da sta tako kot v godalnem kvartetu tudi dva različna violinska dela, ki pogosto igrata različne note in ritme, vendar vsi ti glasbeniki igrajo na violine.

V zborovski glasbi so štiri glavne vrste glasu v padajočem vrstnem redu sopran, nasprotno ali alto, tenor in bas, pri čemer prva dva običajno pojejo ženske, drugi dve pa običajno moški, čeprav imajo nekateri cerkveni zbori in opere fantje, ki pojejo sopran in kontralne dele. Pogosto so tudi solisti v operah in koncertni glasbi, kot so oratoriji mezzosopranisti in baritoni, ki so na splošno srednji glas žensk oziroma moških. A protiutež se nanaša na moškega, ki poje v falsetto in mu tako omogoča, da zadene višje tonove. V operi je glavna pevka znana kot primadona, medtem ko je glavni moški pevec znan kot primo uomo. Primadona je praviloma sopran, medtem ko je primo uomo ponavadi tenor iz obdobja romantike, čeprav so vloge italijanske opere v baroku in zgodnjem klasičnem obdobju običajno prevzeli kastrati (kastrati so moški, ki so bili kastrirani pred puberteto; njihove vloge ponavadi igrajo kontratenoristi ali ženske v vlogah v hlačah / hlačah v sodobnih preporodu).

V številnih operah (tako imenovanih, ker je vsak odsek v partituri označen s številko, glede na njihov videz), uvertura ali sinfonija (ali v operah Wagnerja, uvod) je uvodni del, ki ga igra orkester brez vokalistov; pogosto vsebuje odlomke najbolj nepozabnih melodij, ki jih boste slišali kasneje. Nekatere opere s konca 19. stoletja ali pozneje, denimo tiste Giacoma Puccinija, v celoti ne opirajo na uverturo. An arija je pesem za samostojni glas in orkester, pri čemer sta glasbi za dva glasova znana kot duet, a trio za tri glasove itd. (pogosto se imenujejo številke s štirimi ali več pevci, ki igrajo določene vloge v operi ansambli, in obstajajo tudi zbori ki lahko predstavlja množico meščanov, kmetov, pastirjev, prič kaznivega dejanja ali katere koli druge skupine, pomembne za zaplet). V opevanih operah je dialog med liki v obliki recitativi, med katerimi sta dve glavni vrsti: recitativo secco ki jo spremlja samo tipkovnica (čembalo ali klavir) in recitativo accompagnato ki ga spremlja celotni orkester ali njegov znaten del. Nekatere operne zvrsti, na primer nemška Singspiel ali Francozi opéra comique, namesto zapetih recitativov predstavlja govorni dialog. Romantična opera je vse bolj uporabljala arioso, ki združuje elemente arije in recitativnega sloga, namesto da bi uporabil prej splošno formulo, da ima recitativ, ki mu sledi arija. Opere, ki so bile skozi sestavljeno prav tako prišel na prizorišče. Ta vrsta opere ni jasno razdeljena na različne odseke, lahko pa preide vsak odsek brez premora v naslednjega, dokler ne pride do konca dejanja.

Besedilo opere je znano kot libreto, in nekdo, ki piše librete, je znan kot libretist. Medtem ko sta skladatelj in libretist običajno ločena posameznika, so nekateri skladatelji, morda najbolj znani Richard Wagner, librete pisali tudi za svoje opere. Morda boste videli tudi besedo "libreto", ki se nanaša na zaplet baleta.

Govori

Italijansko na splošno velja za najpomembnejši jezik klasične glasbe, pri čemer je glasbena terminologija skoraj izključno v italijanščini, večina oper pa je napisana v italijanščini. Poleg italijanščine so še drugi pomembni operni jeziki Nemško in Francosko, medtem ko je v njem nekaj pomembnih del Rusko, Češko, Angleščina in neapeljska. Francoščina je najpomembnejši jezik v baletu, saj je skoraj vsa baletna terminologija, pa tudi libreti večine baletov v francoščini.

Za sveto glasbo je latinščina glavni liturgični jezik, ki se uporablja v rimskokatoliški cerkvi, medtem ko se v luteranski cerkvi uporablja nemščina, v anglikanski cerkvi angleščina, v ruski pravoslavni cerkvi pa cerkveno slovanščina. Kljub temu oratoriji, ki poskušajo pripovedovati biblijske zgodbe v bolj opernem slogu, da bi izobrazili in zabavali javnost, poleg omenjenih jezikov prihajajo v najrazličnejših jezikih, kot sta francoščina in italijanščina.

Cilji

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Zemljevid evropske klasične glasbe

Evropi

Če ste v Evropi, francoski kabelski televizijski kanal Mezzo TV je kanal, namenjen performansom klasične glasbe, in pogosto predvaja predstave oper in baletov, tudi nekatere razmeroma nejasne.

Beneluks

  • 1 Amsterdam, Nizozemska. V Amsterdamu je slavni Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, ki redno nastopa v koncertni dvorani Concertgebouw, skupaj z vrsto znanih gostujočih orkestrov. Nizozemska nacionalna opera in balet ponuja ljubiteljem prvo sezono. Skozi poletje Amsterdam gosti tudi tri fantastične glasbene festivale: Holland Festival, Robeco SummerNights in Grachtenfestival. 
  • 2 Liège, Belgija. Rojstni kraj Andréja Grétryja (1741-1813), najbolj znanega francoskega eksponenta opéra comique slog v času klasike, znan po mojstrovinah, kot so Zémire in Azor (1771) in Richard Cœur-de-lion (1784). Njegova rojstna hiša je bila preurejena v Musée Grétry, v katerem so razstavljeni deli skladateljevega življenja in del. 

britanski otoki

  • 3 Cambridge, Anglija. V kapeli King's College na Univerzi v Cambridgeu živi eden najprestižnejših deških zborov na svetu. Zbor, ki ga je leta 1441 ustanovil Henry VI. Zbor poje v kapeli vsak dan v letu in je gostoval po vsej Evropi. Še vedno je najbolj znan po Festivalu devetih lekcij in kolednic, ki poteka vsak božični večer in se predvaja po televiziji in radiu po vsem svetu. 
  • 4 Edinburgh, Škotska. The Staro mestno jedro ima dvorano sv. Cecilije, majhno koncertno dvorano, zgrajeno leta 1763, in muzej z veliko zbirko klasičnih instrumentov ter dvorano Usher. V Južno je Queen's Hall, baza škotskega komornega orkestra. (posodobljeno november 2019)
  • 5 Glasgow, Škotska. Kraljevski škotski nacionalni orkester (RSNO) ima sedež v kraljevi koncertni dvorani. Škotska opera ima sedež v Theatre Royal in redno nastopa v Edinburghu, Aberdeenu in Invernessu. Škotski balet nastopa tudi v gledališču Royal. Kraljevski konservatorij na Škotskem ima več prostorov za javne nastope, kjer je mogoče videti balet in klasično glasbo. (posodobljeno november 2019)
  • 6 London, Anglija. London ima dolgo in ugledno glasbeno zgodovino, najprej kot središče elizabetanske glasbene veličine (povezano s kraljico Elizabeto I. na prelomu iz 17. stoletja, ne s trenutno kraljico), nato pa kot mesto, ki so ga mnogi skladatelji s celine obiskali ali se preselili da bi si ustvarili bogastvo, med njimi Handel, Johann Christian Bach, Haydn in Mendelssohn. Medtem ko Angliji večinoma primanjkuje skladateljev s slavo Mozarta in Beethovna, je kljub temu ustvarila več mednarodno priznanih skladateljev, kot so Thomas Tallis (ok. 1505-1585), Henry Purcell (1659-1695), Thomas Arne (1710- 1778, znan po pravilu Britannia), Arthur Sullivan (1842-1900, znan kot polovica ekipe za pisanje operete Gilbert & Sullivan), Edward Elgar (1857-1934), Gustav Holst (1874-1934) in Benjamin Britten ( 1913–1976), ki so večino svoje kariere preživeli v Londonu. Danes je London eno vodilnih mest klasične glasbe na svetu. V njem domuje Londonska filharmonija, Kraljevska filharmonija, Londonska simfonija, Kraljeva opera v Covent Gardenu in številne druge nastopajoče organizacije. Ima fantastično koncertno dvorano Royal Albert Hall, od koder Proms (glej "Dogodki" spodaj) se predvajajo vsako leto. V sodobnem času je London znan tudi po svojih glasbenih konservatorijih, najbolj znani pa so Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music in Guildhall School of Music and Drama. Westminster Abbey, ena najbolj znanih cerkva v Londonu, je znana tudi po svojem prestižnem fantovskem zboru. 
  • 7 Spodnji Broadheath, Anglija. Rojstni kraj Edwarda Elgarja (1857-1934), ki ga po smrti Henryja Purcella leta 1695 štejejo za prvega angleškega prvega velikega skladatelja in je znan po številnih delih, kot je Pohodi in okoliščine, duet klavirja in violine Salut d'Amour, Različice enigme in morda njegov kronski dosežek, zborovsko delo Geroncijeve sanje, eden najboljših del angleške katoliške verske glasbe. Elgarjeva rojstna hiša je bila preurejena v muzej v spomin na njegovo življenje. 
  • 8 York, Anglija. Znameniti York York Minster je čarobno atmosfersko prizorišče klasične glasbe, katere koncerti potekajo dvakrat ali trikrat na mesec. V tem starodavnem mestu je tudi Nacionalni center za staro glasbo, glavno središče za akademsko preučevanje in izvajanje glasbe iz obdobja baroka in zgodnje klasike ter še starejše glasbe iz srednjega veka in renesanse, iz katere se je razvila klasična glasba. NCEM organizira dva letna festivala zgodnje glasbe v svojem preurejenem cerkvenem sedežu iz 11. stoletja, v visokem poletju in na božič. V drugi časovni skrajnosti je York rojstni kraj pokojnega Johna Barryja, z oskarji in grammyji nagrajenega skladatelja zvočnih posnetkov za filme, kot je Pleše z volkovi, James Bond in Iz Afrike; njegov dom iz otroštva krasi modra plaketa. 

Srednja Evropa

Festspielhaus v Bayreuthu
  • 9 Bayreuth, Nemčija. Znano povezano z Richardom Wagnerjem. Njegov Festspielhaus, zasnovan po Wagnerjevih specifikacijah, vsako poletje gosti festival Richarda Wagnerja. Vstopnice so v velikem povpraševanju, zato bodoči člani občinstva že leta čakajo na čakalnem seznamu, a vseeno lahko obiščete mesto. Tu je tudi starejša baročna operna hiša Margravial, znana po svoji bogati notranjosti. 
  • 10 Berlin, Nemčija. Prestolnica Nemčije ima živahno glasbeno sceno, vključno z dvema večjima opernima hišama. Njegov filharmonični orkester ima zgodovino v zgodovini in že dolgo velja za enega izmed najboljših 3 na svetu. Zaradi 40-letne pregrade ima na obeh straneh zidu zapuščino, ki bi lahko zavlekla občinske finance, a navdušila glasbene navdušence. 
  • 11 Bonn, Nemčija. Mesto rojstva Ludwiga van Beethovna. The Beethovenov orkester igra simfonične koncerte v Ljubljani Beethovenhalle in spremlja operne predstave v operni hiši. Festival Beethoven poteka vsako leto septembra in oktobra. 
  • 12 Budimpešta, Madžarska. Madžarska prestolnica in nekdanje drugo mesto Ljubljane Avstro-Ogrsko cesarstvo ima čudovito operno hišo iz 19. stoletja, njen konservatorij, imenovan Glasbena akademija Liszt Ferenc po enem od madžarskih nacionalnih glasbenih junakov, pa je tudi ljubka stavba z odlično koncertno dvorano. Veliki skladatelj, pianist, klavirski pedagog in glasbeni folklorist 20. stoletja, Béla Bartók (imenovan Bartók Béla na Madžarskem) je živel in imel svoj atelje na Csalán Road v Buda od leta 1932 do njegovega odhoda v New York leta 1940, danes pa jo ohranja kot spominsko hišo Zgodovinski muzej Budapesti. 
  • 13 Český Krumlov, Češka. Dom slikovitega gradu Český Krumlov, katerega gledališče je edino na svetu, ki je preživelo svojo prvotno obliko iz 18. stoletja brez sodobnih dodatkov. Zgodovinsko informirane operne predstave so tu še vedno občasno uprizorjene, pri čemer se uporabljajo še vedno delujoči kompleti, rekviziti in odrski stroji iz 18. stoletja. Oder in orkestrsko jamo med nastopi še naprej osvetljuje sveča. 
  • 14 Dresden, Nemčija. The Semperoper velja za eno najlepših in najslavnejših opernih hiš v Nemčiji in Staatskapelle je eden vodilnih simfoničnih orkestrov v državi. Med skladatelje, katerih biografije so povezane z Dresdenom, so Heinrich Schütz, Carl Maria von Weber, Richard Wagner in Sergej Rachmaninoff. 
  • 15 Eisenach, Nemčija. Rojstni kraj Johanna Sebastiana Bacha (1685-1750) z muzejem, posvečenim njegovemu življenju in delom. Martin Luther, vodja Protestantska reformacija, je bil v svojem času tudi priznan lutnjak in skladatelj sakralne glasbe in je tu preživel večino svojega otroštva. 
  • 16 Eszterháza, Madžarska. Podeželsko posestvo družine Esterházy, dom Josepha Haydna od 1766 do 1790, kjer je imel za režijo in vaje cel orkester. Dirigiral je svoje in tuje opere, pogosto z več kot sto predstavami na leto. 
Čudovit strop Haydnsaala z gradu Esterházy
  • 17 Grad Esterházy, Eisenstadt, Avstrija. Glavno prebivališče in upravno središče družine Eszterházy. Njegova glavna atrakcija je Haydnsaal, ki so jo strokovnjaki uvrstili med najlepše in akustično dovršene koncertne dvorane na svetu, prav tam, kjer so bila sestavljena in premierno predstavljena številna dela Josepha Haydna. 
  • 18 Halle, Nemčija. Rojstni kraj Georgea Friderica Handla (nemško Georg Friedrich Händel) (1685-1759), muzej in letni glasbeni festival (maj / junij) so posvečeni najslavnejšemu sinu v mestu. Poleg tega obstaja Staatskapelle simfonični orkester in Stadtsingechor, eden najdaljših nemških zborov za fante. 
  • 19 Hamburg, Nemčija. Skladatelja Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in Johannes Brahms sta se rodila v Hamburgu; Georg Philipp Telemann, George Frideric Handel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach in Gustav Mahler so tu preživeli po nekaj let svojega življenja. Mesto je znano po državni operi (prvi javni operni hiši v Nemčiji) Hamburška filharmonija orkester, Hamburški balet in zimski vrt. The Elbphilharmonie odprt leta 2017 v mestu Hafen in gosti tudi koncerte svetovnega razreda. 
  • 20 Leipzig, Nemčija. Johann Sebastian Bach je tu delal kot kantor (glasbeni vodja in učitelj) cerkve sv. Tomaža od leta 1723 do svoje smrti leta 1750. Njegovi posmrtni ostanki so pokopani pod bronastim epitafom blizu oltarja te cerkve. Bachov muzej je v neposredni bližini. Vsako leto junija poteka mednarodni Bachov festival. Romantični skladatelj Richard Wagner in klavirska virtuoza Clara Schumann sta se rodila v Leipzigu; Robert Schumann in Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy sta tu preživela več let svojega življenja. V njihovih domovih so muzeji, posvečeni tem glasbenikom in njihovim delom. V drugem muzeju so razstavljena redka in zgodovinska glasbila. Oba Gewandhaus Orkester in Zbor fantov sv. Tomaža sta mednarodni glasbeni skupini klasične glasbe. Na koncu ima mesto še izjemen glasbeni konservatorij (morda boste imeli priložnost poslušati njegove napredne študente). 
  • 21 München, Nemčija. Dom bavarske državne opere (Bayerische Staatsoper), eno vodilnih nemških opernih hiš, ki je nastanjeno v zgodovinskem Narodnem gledališču (Narodno gledališče). Več znanih del, na primer Wagnerjevo Tristan in Izolda (1865) je bila tu premierno predstavljena. 
  • 22 Grad Neuschwanstein, Nemčija. Arhitektura in dekoracija gradu je v celoti navdihnjena z epskimi operami Richarda Wagnerja Tannhäuser (1845) in Lohengrin (1850), ki ga je bavarski kralj Ludwig II. Zelo občudoval in ukazal njegovo gradnjo. 
  • 23 Praga, Češka. Prestolnica Češke v sodobnem času in prestolnica Češke kraljevine v času Mozarta z verjetno najbolj ohranjenim jedrom v središču 18. stoletja katerega koli večjega evropskega mesta. Mozart je bil v Pragi dejansko bolj priljubljen kot v Salzburgu ali na Dunaju za časa svojega življenja in njegova slavna opera Don Giovanni (1787) premierno uprizorili tukaj v gledališču Estates (Stavovské divadlo), ki se razlikuje kot edino preživelo prizorišče na svetu, v katerem je bila premierno predstavljena Mozartova opera, kot tudi edino preživelo prizorišče, v katerem je Mozart osebno vodil svoje opere. Primerno, z oskarjem nagrajeni film Amadeus je bil v celoti ustreljen v Pragi. Bil je tudi rojstni kraj Josefa Myslivečka, enega od Mozartovih sodobnikov, ki je bil v svojem času zelo priljubljen, danes pa je v veliki meri izginil v neznanost, in tudi tam, kjer so bili pozneje številni češki skladatelji iz obdobja romantike, kot so Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana in Leoš Janáček preživeli večino svoje kariere. Danes je v Pragi še vedno uspešna klasična glasbena scena s številnimi prizorišči svetovnega razreda, kot je Državna opera (Státní opera) in Narodno gledališče (Národní divadlo), ki še naprej redno prirejajo operne in baletne predstave, pa tudi Kolegij 1704, ansambel, namenjen izvajanju baročne glasbe na instrumentih obdobja. 
  • 24 Rohrau, Avstrija. Rojstni kraj Josepha Haydna (1732-1809), slavnega skladatelja klasičnega obdobja, danes znanega predvsem po svoji instrumentalni glasbi, zlasti simfonijah, v življenju pa tudi po svoji sveti glasbi in operah. Haydnova rojstna hiša je zdaj muzej v spomin na njegovo življenje. 
  • 25 Salzburg, Avstrija. Rojstni kraj Wolfganga Amadeusa Mozarta (1756-1791), morda najbolj priljubljenega skladatelja klasične glasbe vseh časov. Ljubitelji glasbe lahko poleg obveznega obiska njegove rojstne hiše obiščejo tudi koncert Mozarteum Orchestra, operna predstava v Landstheater Salzburger ali eden najpogostejših Salzburger Schlosskonzerte komorne glasbe. Julija in avgusta vsako leto poteka svetovno znani festival v Salzburgu. 
Zlata dvorana Wiener Musikverein, kjer poteka novoletni koncert mestne filharmonije, ki ga predvajajo po vsem svetu
  • 26 Dunaj, Avstrija. Dunaj je bil v času multinacionalke zelo vplivno mesto Avstrijsko cesarstvo in bi ga verjetno lahko šteli za svetovno zgodovinsko središče vesolja klasične glasbe ali vsaj klasične instrumentalne glasbe od 2. polovice 18. stoletja do začetka 20. stoletja. Na Dunaju je živelo in delalo veliko uglednih skladateljev klasične glasbe - najpomembnejši so bili prvi (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Salieri) in Drugi (Schoenberg, Berg in Webern) dunajske šole - in mesto se še danes ponaša s slavnimi prizorišči, kot so Dunajska državna opera (Wiener Staatsoper) in Festivalna dvorana (Festsaal) palače Hofburg. Bil je tudi rojstni kraj Johanna Straussa II (1825-1899), ki je slovel po svojih valčkih in drugi plesni glasbi ter operetah. Številni ljubitelji klasične glasbe menijo, da je Dunajska filharmonija med najboljšimi simfoničnimi orkestri na svetu. Dunaj je tudi dom Burgtheater, nekdanje cesarsko gledališče avstro-ogrskega imperija, zgrajeno leta 1888, ki je nadomestilo starejše, danes porušeno istoimensko gledališče, v katerem je Mozart premierno uprizoril svoje slavne opere Le nozze di Figaro (1786) in Così fan tutte (1790). Še ena pomembna lokacija v zgodovini klasične glasbe je Gledališče na Dunaju, ki ga je leta 1801 zgradila skupina, za katero je Mozart sestavil svojo zadnjo opero Čarobna piščal (Die Zauberflöte) (1791), s svojimi Papageno vrati (Papagenotor), ki je bil zgrajen v čast enega od likov v tej operi. To gledališče je služilo tudi kot premierno prizorišče številnih znanih oper, kot je Beethovnova Fidelio (1805) in Johanna Straussa II Die Fledermaus (1874). 
  • 27 Weimar, Nemčija. Čeprav je bil Weimar večinoma povezan z avtorji in dramatiki Goethejem in Schillerjem, je bil dom tudi klasičnih skladateljev Johanna Sebastiana Bacha, Franza Liszta in Richarda Straussa. Dandanes klasično glasbo igrajo v operni veji Deutsches Nationaltheater, avtor Staatskapelle orkestra in študentov Weimarskega konservatorija. 
  • 28 Żelazowa Wola, Poljska. Rojstni kraj slavnega klavirskega virtuoza in skladatelja Fryderyka Chopina (1810–1849), ki je kasneje nadaljeval z izjemno uspešno kariero v Franciji. Tu je posvečen muzej in v njegovo čast pogosto izvajajo poletne koncerte njegove glasbe. 

Francija

  • 29 Bordeaux, Francija. Domov na Grand Théâtre de Bordeauxz veliko neoklasično fasado in čudovitimi freskami na stropu glavnega avditorija. Slavni balet La Fille mal gardée je imel tu premiero leta 1789, slavni baletni koreograf Marius Petipa pa je tu premierno predstavil tudi številna svoja zgodnja dela. Danes je v gledališču dom Opéra National de Bordeaux in z njim povezano baletno družbo. 
  • 30 Lille, Francija. Domov na Opera Lille, neoklasicistična zgradba, ki je bila dokončana leta 1913, z lepimi skulpturami na fasadi in razkošnimi hodniki v notranjosti. Danes je v operni hiši dom Le Concert d'Astrée, skupina, posvečena zgodovinsko utemeljenim izvedbam baročne glasbe. 
  • 31 Montfort-l'Amaury, Francija. Skladatelj Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) je tu živel od leta 1921 do svoje smrti, hiša, v kateri je živel, pa je preurejena v muzej v spomin na njegovo življenje. 
Chopin počiva v miru na pokopališču Père Lachaise v Parizu
  • 32 Pariz, Francija. Kot glavno mesto Francije že stoletja igra glavno vlogo v zgodovini in razvoju klasične glasbe v Evropi. Leonin in Perotinus, najslavnejša zgodnja skladatelja organuma, sta svojo glasbo pisala v romanski in gotski različici katedrale Notre Dame. V obdobju baroka je kar nekaj velikih skladateljev, na primer Italijan Jean-Baptiste Lully (Giovanni Battista Lulli, izumitelj francoske opere), Marc-Antoine Charpentier in Jean-Philippe Rameau, sta delala na kraljevem dvoru leta Versailles, zdaj predmestje Pariza. V obdobju baroka se je razvil tudi visoki tenor, oz haute-contre glas v junaških vlogah francoske opere, ker sloviti kastrati, ki so bili priljubljeni v preostalem delu celine, nikoli niso uspeli uveljaviti v Franciji. Later in the 18th century, several of Haydn's symphonies and other works were performed to great acclaim in Paris, and the French opera tradition continued with composers such as the German Christoph Willibald Gluck, the Italian Antonio Salieri, and the Belgian André Grétry composing many critically acclaimed works.
    In the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, a long list of famous composers lived and worked in Paris, including the Belgian César Franck, the Frenchmen Hector Berlioz, Jules Massenet, Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Erik Satie, Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel and Francis Poulenc, the Italians Gioachino Rossini and Giuseppe Verdi, the Pole Frédéric Chopin (Fryderyk Szopen) and the Russians Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev. Several famous organist/composers had regular jobs at churches throughout town, including St. Sulpice and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The operetta was also invented here by the German composer Jacques Offenbach, whose operetta Orphée aux enfers (1858) contains a few pieces still instantly recognisable by current-day listeners.
    The Opéra Garnier is a lovely, historic and iconic building that houses the world-renowned Paris Opera Ballet (Ballet de l'Opéra de Paris). The newer Opéra Bastille, widely considered one of the best in the world, houses the Paris Opera (Opéra National de Paris), one of the world's premier opera companies. Another significant though less well known venue is the Opéra-Comique, where Bizet's famed opera Carmen had its premiere in 1875. Paris today has a very varied performance scene and remains vital as a center for new and experimental music, as exemplified by the ongoing work at IRCAM, the Institute for Acoustic/Musical Research and Coordination founded by the Modernist composer and conductor, Pierre Boulez, and the Ensemble Intercontemporain, which he also founded.     
  • 33 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Birthplace of Claude Debussy (1862-1918), best know Impressionist composer. His birth house has been converted to the Musée Claude-Debussy, a small museum dedicated to the composer's life. 

Iberia

  • 34 Aranjuez, Spain. Made famous by the exquisite eponymous Guitar Concerto by Joaquín Rodrigo (1901-1999). 
  • 35 Barcelona, Spain. Home to the Palau de la Música Catalana, a classical music performance venue designed in the Modernisme style by Lluís Domènech i Montaner (1850-1923), a contemporary and rival of the famed Antoni Gaudí (1852-1926). The city is also home to the Gran Teatre del Liceu, a beautiful opera house that was opened in 1847 and twice rebuilt after fires. 
  • 36 Lisbon, Portugal. Birthplace of Marcos Portugal (1762-1830), perhaps Portugal's most internationally renowned classical music composer. During his lifetime, he was the maestro of the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos. 
  • 37 Madrid, Spain. Spain's capital and largest city is home to a thriving classical music scene, with its main opera house, the Teatro Real, regularly staging opera performances featuring the world's top singers. 
  • 38 Valencia, Spain. Birthplace of Vicente Martín y Soler (1754-1806), a contemporary of Mozart who, though largely obscure today, was compared favourably with Mozart during his lifetime. A sextet from his opera, Una Cosa Rara (1786), was quoted by Mozart during the composition of Don Giovanni (1787). In modern times, Valencia is home to the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències, a performance venue that is widely considered to be a marvel of modern architecture and regularly stages performances of Martín y Soler's operas. 

Italija

  • 39 Firence, Italy. Florence is one of the most historically significant cities and arguably the foremost wellspring of secular music in Europe. In the 14th century, composer, performer and poet Francesco Landini served the city's growing merchant class by writing secular music exclusively. Regarded along with Venice as the vanguard of the Renaissance, Florence was ruled for centuries by the famed Medici family, who were great patrons of the arts. Florence is also the birthplace of opera: Jacopo Peri's Dafne (now lost), the first opera to ever be composed, was premiered at the Palazzo Corsi in 1598. Florence was also the birthplace of Francesca Caccini, whose opera La liberazione di Ruggiero (1625), which premiered in the Villa del Poggio Imperiale in Arcetri just to the south of the city centre, is the oldest surviving opera to have been composed by a woman. 
    Paganini's violin Il Cannone Guarnerius on display at the Palazzo Doria-Tursi in Genoa
  • 40 Genoa, Italy. Birthplace of master violinist Niccolò Paganini, with a local museum that displays one of his violins. It's also home to the prestigious Teatro Carlo Felice, where Giuseppe Verdi, Igor Stravinsky and Richard Strauss, among others, conducted performances. 
  • 41 Legnago, Italy. The birthplace of Antonio Salieri (1739-1815), a contemporary of Mozart who was one of the main characters of the film Amadeus. In the film, he was portrayed as a mediocre composer who attempted to murder Mozart in a fit of jealousy, though this is a 19th-century fiction and there is no truth to it. The historical Salieri was in fact at his best a first-rate composer who enjoyed more success than Mozart in his time and collaborated with Mozart on numerous occasions, and was even the music teacher of Mozart's youngest son after Mozart died. The Teatro Salieri regularly stages performances of the composer's works in the town in an effort to rehabilitate his perhaps unfairly soiled reputation. 
  • 42 Le Roncole, Italy. Birthplace of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), a prolific opera composer known for many all-time classics such as Rigoletto (1851), Il trovatore (1853), La traviata (1853), Aida (1871) and Otello (1887), as well his setting of the Requiem Mass, all of which are often quoted today in advertising and film scores. Verdi's childhood home has been converted to a museum about his life and works. 
  • 43 Lucca, Italy. Birthplace of Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924), perhaps the last of the great opera composers, and the most famous exponent of the verismo style of Italian opera, with many of his works such as La bohème (1896), Tosca (1900), Madama Butterfly (1904) and Turandot (1926) being staples of the standard operatic repertoire today. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works, and the city hosts the Puccini festival every summer with performances of his works. 
  • 44 Mantua, Italy. Claudio Monteverdi's favola in musica, L'Orfeo (1607), one of the earliest operas and the oldest one that's still much performed today, was written for the city's ruling Gonzaga family and premiered in one of the rooms of the Ducal Palace (which room is not known). 
  • 45 Milan, Italy. La Scala is arguably the world's single most famous and prestigious opera house, where immortal names like Enrico Caruso and Maria Callas built their reputations. 
  • 46 Neapelj, Italy. Better known as the home of pizza, Naples was a very important centre of classical music from the 16th to early 20th century. The Neapolitan school of opera was founded by Alessandro Scarlatti (1660-1725), whose family members included other well-regarded composers such as his son, Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757), and his nephew or grandson, Giuseppe Scarlatti (1718/1723-1777). Though largely forgotten today, it was one of the most important schools of opera during the Baroque and Classical periods. Composers of this school who were famous during their lifetimes included Nicola Porpora, Johann Adolph Hasse, Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Leonardo Leo, Leonardo Vinci (not to be confused with the Renaissance painter, Leonardo da Vinci), Domenico Cimarosa, Giovanni Paisiello and Giuseppe Sarti. Naples' 18th-century opera house, Teatro di San Carlo (founded in 1737), still hosts opera and other performances today. 
  • 47 Palermo, Italy. Its Teatro Massimo is an architectural and acoustical masterpiece, the third largest opera house in Europe, and served as scenery to the final scenes (which feature the opera Cavalleria Rusticana) of the film The Godfather Part III. 
  • 48 Pesaro, Italy. Birthplace of Gioachino Rossini (1792-1868), an opera composer who was one of the main exponents of the bel canto (literally "beautiful singing") style of opera and wrote such famous works as Il barbiere di Siviglia (1816) and La Cenerentola (1817). Rossini was also one of the pioneers of the French grand opéra style, with his final opera, the epic Guillaume Tell (1829), whose overture is still instantly recognisable to modern-day audiences, being one of the first compositions in that style. The composer's birth house has been converted to a museum commemorating his life and works. 
  • 49 Rim, Italy. The popes have been patrons of music for over 1,000 years. Famous composers in the Papal Court have included the Renaissance masters Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Giacomo Carissimi, a Roman composer in the early Baroque style of the early 17th century, is widely credited as being a seminal figure in the development of the oratorio, as he wrote opera-like compositions on Biblical themes for sacred concerts he directed at the Oratorio di Santissimo Crocifisso. In spite of the fact that the Church officially prohibited castration, nevertheless, due to the fact that women were banned from singing in public in the Papal States, Rome saw the rise of the castrati starting in the second half of the 16th century. From ear-witness reports, castrati were able to sing in ranges from alto to soprano like women, but with the tremendous lung power of a big man (as castrated men grow taller than non-castrated men), with the great Farinelli said to have had a range from tenor all the way up to high soprano, and to have been able to sing continuously for over a minute without taking a breath. The appeal of castrati spread beyond Rome to the rest of the continent (except France), with some castrati becoming sex symbols and superstars on the opera stage, such that the heroic roles in Italian Baroque operas were almost always assigned to castrati. Visitors to Rome can visit the Sistine Chapel where the castrati first rose to prominence, and also where the practice continued to survive long after the castrati lost their prominence on the operatic stage until Alessandro Moreschi, the last castrato, died in 1922. Rome was also the birthplace of Pietro Metastasio, perhaps the most celebrated librettist of Baroque opera. Today, Rome is home to the Santa Cecilia conservatory, which also hosts the Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, probably Italy's best symphony orchestra other than the RAI National Symphony Orchestra, which is based in Turin. 
  • 50 Benetke, Italy. The Cathedral of San Marco was the workplace of great composers, and especially Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli. The Gabrielis were known for their music for antiphonal choirs of voices and instruments, which was produced by placing two choirs in choir lofts on opposite sides of the church for a stereophonic effect. The music also symbolized the unity of the church and state, whose representatives in those days sat on opposite sides of the pews. This contrast and unity of choirs with different tone colors and dynamics (piano in forte, as in Giovanni Gabrieli's Sonata pian'e forte, the first musical work to be notated with dynamic markings) helped to bring about the stilo moderno (modern style) in the late 16th and early 17th centuries that we now call the Baroque style. The 18th-century composer Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741), renowned in his day for his operas as well as his instrumental and sacred music, was another famous Venetian. The Venetian school, which included Vivaldi and other then-famous composers such as Francesco Cavalli, Antonio Caldara and Baldassare Galuppi, was one of the great schools of Baroque opera, rivalling the Neapolitan school. Venice was the home of the first large public opera house, built in 1642, and has since 1774 hosted the Teatro la Fenice, Venice's opera house which has been destroyed by fire and rebuilt three times. Venice was also the birthplace to two of Baroque opera's most celebrated librettists, Apostolo Zeno and Carlo Goldoni. 

Nordic countries

Grieghallen in Bergen, Norway.
  • 51 Bergen, Norway. Bergen was the home town of composer Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) and is the home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, established in 1756 and now one of the oldest orchestras in world. The Bergen International Festival, held every year for two weeks in May-June, was modeled after the Salzburg Festival. 
  • 52 Järvenpää, Finland. Ainola, the home of Jean Sibelius (1865–1957). Other sites/events related to him are the Sibelius Monument and the International Jean Sibelius Violin Competition (with talented young violinists from around the world) in Helsinki, and the Sibelius Museum in Turku. 
  • 53 Reykjavík, Iceland. Home to the iconic Harpa concert hall on the waterfront, a marvel of 21st-century architecture that houses the Iceland Symphony Orchestra and Icelandic Opera. 
  • 54 Savonlinna, Finland. A small city in the Finnish Lakeland, housing the Savonlinna Opera Festival each summer, in the court of its medieval castle. 
  • 55 Stockholmu, Sweden. The Royal Swedish Opera is Sweden's premier venue for opera and ballet, and one of the finest classical opera houses in the Nordic countries. Another important opera performance venue is the Drottningholms slottsteater on the grounds of the Drottningholm Palace, which is one of the few theatres in the world with its original 18th-century stage machinery still functional. 

Russia

A performance of the Swan Lake at the Bolshoi Theater
  • 56 Moscow, Russia. Another important city in the history of classical music where many Russian composers of the Romantic period worked. Home to the stately Bolshoi Theatre, whose Bolshoi Ballet is one of the best regarded in the world, and where Tchaikovsky's famous ballet Swan Lake (1876) premiered. During the Soviet era, it was also home to Aram Khachaturian, a Georgian-born Armenian composer who is best known for the Sabre Dance from his ballet Gayane, which premiered at the aforementioned Bolshoi Theatre in 1942. Moscow is also home to the prestigious Moscow Conservatory, which counts among its alumni many of Russia's pre-eminent musicians and singers, and hosts the prestigious International Tchaikovsky Competition for singers, pianists, violinists and cellists every four years. 
  • 57 Saint Petersburg, Russia. Former imperial capital of Russia, and also where many famous composers of the Romantic period such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Modest Mussorgsky worked for a significant amount of time during their careers. The city boasts the Mariinsky Theatre, home to the Mariinsky Ballet, one of the world's most renowned ballet companies, which was most notably the location of the premiere of Tchaikovsky's famous ballet, The Nutcracker (1892). Another notable venue is the Mikhailovsky Theatre, which while not as famous as the Mariinsky, is also known for having a world-class opera and ballet troupe. 
  • 58 Votkinsk, Russia. Birthplace of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, perhaps Russia's most famous composer, who is known for his prolific output including the ballets The Nutcracker (1892) and Swan Lake (1876), as well as other pieces such as the 1812 Overture, which is particularly notable for its use of cannons in the orchestration. The Tchaikovsky family's estate has been converted to a museum commemorating the composer's life and works. 

Outside Europe

Azija

  • 59 Beijing, China. In addition to having a long history of traditional Chinese music, China's capital is home to a thriving European classical music scene. The iconic National Centre for the Performing Arts is Beijing's pre-eminent performance venue, and hosts both Chinese and European musical performances. 
  • 60 Hanoi, Vietnam. The Hanoi Opera House was built by the French during the colonial era, and designed to resemble a smaller version of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it remains one of the premier performance venues in the capital, and continues to regularly host ballets and other classical music performances, including newer compositions by Vietnamese composers. 
  • 61 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Vietnam's largest city is home to the Saigon Opera House, today known as the Municipal Theatre, a beautiful structure built by the French during the colonial era. Today, it primarily hosts a modern acrobatics performance known as the AO Show, but still occasionally stages ballets and other classical music performances. 
  • 62 Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and Hong Kong Ballet perform at the Hong Kong Cultural Centre on the Kowloon waterfront. Hong Kong is also home to a second fully professional orchestra, the Hong Kong Sinfonietta, which performs in the Hong Kong City Hall. 
  • 63 Mumbai, India. India's largest city is home to the Royal Opera House, the country's sole surviving colonial opera house. Abandoned and left to decay for over 20 years, it was restored to its former glory in 2017, and today it once again periodically hosts classical music concerts, and even the occasional opera. 
  • 64 Seoul, South Korea. Although Korea is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, Seoul has a thriving classical music scene, with South Korea producing many of the world's top pianists, instrumental soloists and opera singers. Popular local orchestras include the Seoul Philarmonic Orchestra, Korean Symphony Orchestra and KBS Symphony Orchestra. Seoul also has numerous classical music venues, with perhaps the most pre-eminent ones being the Seoul Arts Center and the Lotte Concert Hall. 
  • 65 Shanghai, China. China's largest and most cosmopolitan city is home to a thriving classical music scene, and foreign orchestras touring Asia are virtually guaranteed to perform in Shanghai. The city boast four world-class classical music performance venues; the Shanghai Symphony Hall, Shanghai Grand Theatre, Shanghai Oriental Art Center and Shanghai Concert Hall. The Shanghai Symphony Orchestra is the oldest European-style orchestra in China, have been founded in 1879, making it even older than some of the pre-eminent European and American orchestras. 
Singapore's Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, with its iconic roof resembling a durian
  • 66 Singapore. Having been a centre for immigration for over two centuries, Singapore's classical music scene comprises of a mix of European, Chinese, Malay and Indian traditions. The main European-style ensembles in Singapore are the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and the T'ang Quartet. Singapore's premier performance venue is the iconic Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, a modern state-of-the-art venue nicknamed "The Durian" due to the distinctive design of its roof. Another notable performance venue is the colonial-era Victoria Theatre and Concert Hall, which used to be Singapore's premier performance venue before the construction of the newer Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay. 
  • 67 Taipei, Taiwan. Although Taiwan has its own distinctive musical tradition, European-style classical music is also very popular in Taiwan. Taipei's pre-eminent performance venues are the National Theater and National Concert Hall, both of which are modern structures built in the traditional Chinese architectural style. The National Theatre regularly host performances by visiting ballet troupes, while the National Concert Hall regularly hosts visiting orchestras and pianists, as well as local orchestras like the National Symphony Orchestra and Taipei Symphony Orchestra. Both buildings are located opposite each other at Liberty Square, a stone's throw away from the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial. 
  • 68 Tokyo, Japan. Although Japan is better known for its own distinctive musical tradition, it has emerged as one of the world's top markets for classical music over the 20th century, such that classical music is now ironically more popular among youths and young adults in Japan than it is in Western countries. In addition, Tokyo is also a hotbed for contemporary classical music composers, with contemporary classical music playing a large role in Japan's film, television and gaming industries. Tokyo is also home to several world class classical music venues such as Suntory Hall, the New National Theatre and Bunkamura, as well as eight full-time professional orchestras, namely the NHK Symphony Orchestra, Yomiuri Nippon Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra, Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, Tokyo City Philharmonic Orchestra, Japan Philharmonic Orchestra, New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra and Tokyo Symphony Orchestra. 

Severna Amerika

  • 69 Boston, United States of America. Best known for the Boston Symphony Orchestra, which plays in beautiful Symphony Hall, Boston is also the home of the oldest performing organization never to miss a season in the U.S.: the Handel and Haydn Society. It was founded in 1815, soon after Haydn's death, when premieres of some of Handel's works were still a living memory. It returned to its roots in the mid-20th century, dedicating itself since to historically informed performances of Baroque music. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 70 Chicago, United States of America. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra is based in the Symphony Center along Michigan Avenue. Its great history of touring and recording started under Fritz Reiner and accelerated under Sir Georg Solti. Since Reiner's time, it has often been considered the best or one of the top two orchestras in the United States. Chicago is also home to the Civic Opera House, one of the finest Art Deco opera houses in the world, which in modern times is home to the Lyric Opera of Chicago, one of the most renowned opera companies in North America. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 71 Cleveland, United States of America. The Cleveland Symphony Orchestra is one of the most famous and highly regarded in the U.S. George Szell, who led them from 1946–1970, really put the orchestra on the map, shaping it into an extremely efficient organization through careful hiring and steady direction, and they recorded and toured extensively under his baton. The orchestra, which performs most of its concerts at the Art Deco Severance Hall on Cleveland's East Side, has maintained a high profile ever since. Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Institute of Music, a respected conservatory. (updated Nov 2019)
  • 72 Danbury, United States of America. Birthplace of Charles Ives (1874–1954), one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. His birth house has been preserved, and there are plans to convert it into a museum celebrating his life. (updated Dec 2020)
  • 73 Havana, Cuba. The Gran Teatro de La Habana is a beautiful early 20th-century Baroque revival structure known for the numerous sculptures on its exterior. It was built by Havana's Galician immigrant community on the site of the earlier Teatro Tacón, whose original theatre was preserved and incorporated into the newer building. Today it is the main home of the Cuban National Ballet Company, and hosts the Havana International Ballet Festival in even-numbered years. (updated Nov 2020)
The name of the Walt Disney concert hall may make you think of cartoons, but it's also a venue for classical music
  • 74 Los Angeles, United States of America. Los Angeles may not be the first city a traveler thinks of as a hotbed of classical music in the United States, but it is a major center of classical music, nonetheless. The Los Angeles Philharmonic, a great orchestra, performs its season at Disney Hall, a striking building downtown designed by Frank Gehry that is known for its acoustics. Also, don't overlook the absolutely crucial contribution of classical composers to Hollywood films. The sound of classic Hollywood film music was supplied by highly skilled European classical composers such as Wolfgang Korngold, Max Steiner, Dmitri Tiomkin and Miklós Rózsa — many of them refugees from fascism or communism in Europe — and also by various native-born Americans, quite a few of whom were trained either in Europe or by Europeans. Today, classical music is still of great importance to Hollywood, and though many names could be mentioned, that of John Williams suffices to make the point. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 75 Mexico City, Mexico. Mexico's premier opera house is the Palacio de Bellas Artes, a beautiful 1930s building with an eclectic mix of architectural styles, consisting of a primarily Art Nouveau and Neoclassical exterior, and a primarily Art Deco interior. It continues to regularly host opera performances to this day. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 76 Montreal, Canada. Montreal Symphony Orchestra (French: Orchestre symphonique de Montréal, or OSM) performs in the Montreal Symphony House at Place des Arts. It is the only orchestra in the world that possesses an octobass. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 77 New York City, United States of America. New York has two major world-class halls: Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Opera House. Carnegie also has an excellent, smaller recital hall, Weill Recital Hall, where many debut recitals and chamber music concerts take place. The Metropolitan Opera is one of the most famous in the world and has a storied history. People interested in the way the opera works behind the scenes can sign up for backstage tours, which cover such things as the construction and maintenance of the house, the movement of sets on the stage, the construction of sets and costumes, the special loading dock for animals needed onstage and the rehearsal stage where the singer/actors can work on blocking. The New York Philharmonic performs at Geffen Hall, formerly called Avery Fisher Hall and like the Met, at Lincoln Center on the Upper West Side. Other major halls include Alice Tully Hall, where Chamber Music at Lincoln Center and Mostly Mozart have their seasons, and also the Kaufmann Center at the 92nd St. Y on Lexington Avenue on the Upper East Side and Merkin Hall on West 67th St., both of which among other things often feature contemporary classical music. New York also has several conservatories of music, the most famous of which is the Juilliard School, also at Lincoln Center. If you'd like to see historical instruments that were used to play classical music, go to the large, excellent musical instruments wing of the Metropolitan Museum, which is on the East Side and not associated with the Metropolitan Opera. New York was also the birthplace of the famous composer, songwriter and pianist, George Gershwin (1898-1937), arguably (with Ives the most frequent alternative choice) America's greatest classical composer, who was also famous for his Broadway shows and popular songs, and as a jazz musician. New York is also generally considered to have succeeded Vienna as the center of the classical music world and especially musical Modernism for the remainder of the 20th century after the rise of Nazism in Europe. Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse and Béla Bartók are among the many Modernist composers who lived in New York. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 78 Philadelphia, United States of America. The Philadelphia Orchestra is one of the most famous in the United States. The city also hosts the Curtis Institute, widely considered the country's foremost conservatory of music, which is free for all students who pass their extremely demanding audition. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 79 San Francisco, United States of America. The San Francisco Opera, housed in the Beaux-Arts style War Memorial Opera House, is one of the premier opera companies in the United States. The San Francisco Symphony Orchestra is housed in the adjacent Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall. 
  • 80 San José, Costa Rica. The Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica is the country's premier performing arts venue, and widely regarded as the finest historical building in the capital. Today, it is the primary home of Costa Rica's National Symphonic Orchestra, and continues to regularly host opera performances. 
  • 81 Toronto, Canada. The Toronto Symphony Orchestra (TSO), founded in 1922, plays in Roy Thomson Hall, whose distinctive round glass shape makes it a Toronto landmark. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 82 Vancouver, Canada. The Vancouver Symphony Orchestra (VSO) performs at the Orpheum, and is the largest performing arts organization in Western Canada. It performs 140 concerts per season. (updated Nov 2020)

South America

  • 83 Bogotá, Colombia. Colombia's national opera house is the Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, known for the beautiful frescoes of six muses on the ceiling of the main hall. Today, it remains Colombia's premier performance venue, regularly playing host to operas, ballets and other classical music performances. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 84 Buenos Aires, Argentina. Argentina's main opera house is the Teatro Colón, which has been widely ranked among the most beautiful opera houses in the world. Today, it continues to be one of the premier classical music venues in South America, and regularly plays host to opera, ballets and symphonic orchestral performances. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 85 Manaus, Brazil. Located in the heart of the Amazon Rainforest, the Amazonas Theatre in Manaus was inaugurated in 1896 and today is home to the Amazon Philharmonic Orchestra. The Amazonas Theater also hosts, since 1997, between April and May, the Amazonas Opera Festival. (updated Jan 2020)
  • 86 Porto Alegre, Brazil. Home of the Porto Alegre Symphony Orchestra (OSPA), founded in 1950, which performs at the Casa de Música da OSPA, in the neighborhood of Cidade Baixa. The city is also home of the impressive São Pedro Theatre, built in 1858, which hosts concerts by the São Pedro Theatre Chamber Orchestra. (updated Jan 2020)
  • 87 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Rio de Janeiro's opera house is the beautiful Theatro Municipal, whose design was inspired by that of the Palais Garnier in Paris. Today, it is the home of the Petrobras Symphony Orchestra and the Brazilian Symphonic Orchestra. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 88 Santiago, Chile. Chile's premier opera house is the Teatro Municipal, which continues to regularly host operas, ballets and classical music concerts. (updated Nov 2020)
  • 89 São Paulo, Brazil. The largest city in Brazil is home to the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra performs regularly at Sala São Paulo, inaugurated in 1999, located at the Julio Prestes Cultural Center, in the downtown of the city of São Paulo. The São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra performs free public concerts on some Sundays at 11am. You just have to pick up tickets at the ticket office on the Monday before the Sunday at which the concert will take place. The beautiful Theatro Municipal is São Paulo's opera house, and today hosts the São Paulo Municipal Symphony Orchestra, the Coral Lírico and the City Ballet of São Paulo. (updated Nov 2020)

Oceanija

  • 90 Auckland, New Zealand. New Zealand's largest city is home to the Auckland Philarmonia Orchestra, one of only two fully professional orchestras in the country, which is based in the Auckland Town Hall. (posodobljeno septembra 2019)
  • 91 Melbourne, Australia. With a reputation for being Australia's most cultured city, Melbourne is home to a significant classical music scene. The Arts Centre Melbourne is the city's pre-eminent performance venue, and regularly hosts top classical music acts such as the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and Opera Australia. (posodobljeno septembra 2019)
  • 92 Perth, Australia. Home to the impressive His Majesty's Theatre, completed in 1904, which is also home to the West Australian Ballet and West Australia Opera. (posodobljeno junij 2018)
The Sydney Symphony Orchestra performing in the city's most iconic building
  • 93 Sydney, Australia. Home to the famed Sydney Opera House, one of the most recognisable landmarks in the world, and the only one to have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site during the lifetime of its architect. The opera house is home to Opera Australia, the Australian Ballet and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra, all of which regularly stage performances. Sydney is also home to several chamber music ensembles such as the Australian Chamber Orchestra and Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, which play at multiple locations in the city such as the City Recital Hall, and the Centennial Hall located within Sydney Town Hall. The Sydney Conservatorium of Music, part of the University of Sydney, is the premier classical music conservatory in Australia. (updated Sep 2016)
  • 94 Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand's capital is home to its national orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, which performs at the Michael Fowler Centre. It is also home to the New Zealand String Quartet, the only professional string quartet in the country. (updated Nov 2019)

Dogodki

  • Rheingau Musik Festival: 23 June – 1 September 2018 Rheingau. Annual cultural event, mainly classical music, takes place in a number of locations in the region, often in historic buildings or their grounds. There are several concerts that fall outside the main season dates shown here. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Bachfest Leipzig: 11–21 June 2020 Leipzig. International festival with more than 100 concerts of works by Johann Sebastian Bach and other composers. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Festival d'Aix-en-Provence: 4–24 July 2018 Aix-en-Provence. One of the oldest and most famous festivals of classical music in France. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Salzburg Festival: 20 July – 30 August 2018 Salzburg. For almost a century, Salzburg has hosted the world famous festival, with operas, concerts, and theater plays in different locations throughout the city. It was founded by Hugo von Hoffmansthal, Max Reinhardt and Richard Strauss in 1920. It takes place in July and August, the most famous piece is the "Jedermann" ("Everyman") by Hugo v. Hoffmansthal, being conducted in front of the Dom (Cathedral) every year. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • The Proms (The Henry Wood Promenade Concerts presented by the BBC): 17 July – 12 September 2020 London/South Kensington-Chelsea. Orchestral concerts in the Royal Albert Hall, with cheaper admission for those standing (promenading) in front of the stage. The festival culminates in the Last Night of the Proms, which is known for the performance of British patriotic songs such as Rule, Britannia! by Thomas Arne (1710-1778), Jerusalem by Hubert Parry (1848-1918) and Land of Hope and Glory by Edward Elgar, and the accompanying flag waving by the audience. The last night includes outdoor events in Glasgow, Belfast in Swansea. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Bayreuth Festival (Richard Wagner Festival): 25 July – 30 August 2020 Bayreuth. For 30 days every year in July and August, when his operas are performed at the Festspielhaus. During the festival, huge crowds flock to Bayreuth for a chance to see the performances. It is estimated that the waiting time for tickets is between five and ten years. For inquiries, contact the Tourist Information office for ideas on the best ways to obtain tickets. Sometimes (with a little luck), last minute tickets can become available. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Lucerne Festival: 17 August – 16 September 2018 Luzern. Thrice a year, visiting world-class orchestras and star conductors. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Glyndebourne Festival: 21 May – 30 August 2020 East Sussex. An annual opera festival that lasts throughout the summer, held in an opera house built on the country estate of the Christie family. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Edinburgh International Festival: 7–31 August 2020 Edinburgh. An annual arts festival, which has been running since 1947, which includes major performances by an international visiting orchestra, and finishes with an orchestra playing at a fireworks concert. The Festival Fringe (similar dates) includes some classical music in the enormous programme. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • East Neuk Festival: 1–5 July 2020 Fife. A classical music festival, with events in Anstruther and other small villages nearby. (datum je treba posodobiti)
  • Boston Early Music Festival: 9–13 June 2021 Boston. A festival dedicated to renaissance and baroque music, including the staging of more obscure operas.

Respect

Classical music concerts are often more formal than other concerts

The experience of going to a classical concert is very different from going to a rock, hip-hop or jazz concert, and likewise with an opera or ballet from a musical. Classical concerts vary in level of formality, and also somewhat by location and genre. This is only a rough guide of what to expect.

How to dress

People who have never been to a classical concert often ask what to wear. This varies. If you are going to Opening Night at La Scala, you've paid a lot of money and are probably expected to dress up. However, if you are in the cheap seats at the Metropolitan Opera House or Carnegie Hall, you are not going to get stared at for wearing jeans and a t-shirt. If you dress up, you are unlikely to be out of place anywhere, but you needn't worry, and you are virtually guaranteed entry as long as you aren't wearing rags or going topless or barefoot.

When to applaud

You are never required to applaud unless you want to. That said, if you go to a concert of purely instrumental music, such as a symphony orchestra or chamber music concert or a recital (performance by a solo instrumentalist or vocalist, with or without the accompaniment of a chord-playing instrument such as a piano or a small group of bass and chord-playing instruments called the basso continuo), you will generally be expected to clap only at the end of each piece, regardless of how many movements (discrete sections with subtitles such as tempo markings [e.g., Presto, Allegro, Andante, Adagio] or names of dances [e.g. Minuet, Gigue]) it has. However, it is not a horrible faux pas to clap at the end of a movement, and a polite performer may acknowledge the applause. Vocalists in recitals also often sing an entire song cycle, composed of a group of poems set to music, and likewise, you will normally be expected to clap at the end of the entire song cycle.

If you go to an opera, however, it is customary to applaud at the end of any discrete section you enjoyed listening to, including the overture and any aria, duet or ensemble, and not wait till the end of each act, though it wouldn't be normal to applaud the high note in the middle of an aria. Sometimes, audiences start applauding and cheering when the orchestra is still playing out the end of an aria.

In any kind of classical performance, if you feel particularly inspired, you may shout the Italian word "Bravo" while applauding, if the performer is a man, "Brava" if it's a woman, "Bravi" if it's both or more than one man and "Brave" if it's a group of women, although you may find "Bravo" used generically in some non-Italian-speaking countries. In some countries such as Italy or France, "Bis" (meaning "Again") may be shouted, instead, and the audience may be treated to a repeat of an aria or another short piece. In English-speaking countries, if you'd like to hear an additional short piece at the end of a solo recital or a concert by only one chamber group, you may shout "Encore", the French word for "More". It's not uncommon for 2-3 encores to be performed at the ends of recitals. They are not mentioned on the printed concert program but are usually announced by a performer before they are played. However, do not expect an encore at the end of an opera or orchestral concert.

At a liturgical performance of sacred music, applause is normally not appropriate at any time, except perhaps if the priest requests a round of applause for the musicians at the end.

Lengths of performances

The length of performances may vary greatly

This also varies. Purely instrumental concerts usually feature about 1 hour of playing, but how long they last also depends on the length of the intermission (called the interval in Britain and some other English-speaking countries). The same is true of opera performances, but running times for operas are usually 2½-4 hours, though some, such as Rossini's Guillaume Tell, Verdi's Don Carlos or Wagner's Götterdämerung can take over 5 hours. In some European countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, the intermission lasts at least 30 minutes, with the price of your ticket including a glass of good wine or beer (or at very informal recitals, at least some fizzy mineral water) at intermission and an opportunity to chat with other concertgoers and relax. V Združenih državah Amerike so odmori pogosto 15 minut, ravno dovolj časa, da se vrnete iz kopalnice, če imate srečo, osvežilne pijače pa so, če jih ponudite, pogosto precej predrage. Opere so navadno v 2–5 dejanjih, s prekinitvami med posameznimi dejanji, čeprav obstajajo tudi opere z 1 aktom, ki se ponavadi izvajajo v istem programu kot druge 1-aktne opere (na primer Giacomo Puccini Trittico je skupina 3 zelo kontrastnih oper, ki se običajno izvajajo ena za drugo, z vmesnimi prekinitvami in Cavalleria rusticana avtorja Pietra Mascagni se običajno izvaja na dvojni račun z Pagliacci avtor Ruggero Leoncavallo).

Točnost začetka koncertov se razlikuje tudi glede na državo. V Švici pričakujte, da se koncerti začnejo pravočasno; v Nemčiji z zamudo morda 5 minut; v ZDA z zamudo 10-15 minut; v Franciji z zamudo morda 15-20 minut; v Italiji pa z zamudo 20-40 ali več minut. A ne bodite tako prepričani, da se bo koncert začel pozno, da ga boste zamudili! Če prispete pozno, na splošno ne boste smeli vstopiti do naslednjega premora med komadi ali gibi, da ne boste motili nastopajočih in drugih članov občinstva. V operah, baletih ali drugih dramskih predstavah boste verjetno morali počakati do naslednjega prekinitve, da boste lahko vstopili.

Problematično vedenje

Na koncertih v nočnih klubih je glasba pogosto glasna in povsem normalno je, da člani občinstva kadar koli glasno razveselijo in fotografirajo. Nasprotno pa vas zaradi nepravočasnih izbruhov ali nepooblaščenih fotografij lahko izvržejo s klasičnega koncerta. Tako kot v nekaterih najbolj uvrščenih jazz klubih tudi v klasičnih koncertnih dvoranah od občinstva pričakujejo čim več popolne tišine, razen kadar je primerno zaploskati.

Tudi ob hrupnem govorjenju, odvijanju kapljic za kašelj ali šumenju papirjev se boste lahko zazrli vase ali slišno utihnili, in če se vam bo mobilni telefon v najbolj občutljivem trenutku ugasnil, se bodo ljudje resnično razjezili. Tudi če na začetku predstave ni omenjeno, je nenehno dobra ideja je, da izklopite telefon (ali pa ga popolnoma utišate - upoštevajte, da lahko "tiho" še vedno omogoča alarme in ne preveč tihe vibracije). Če vas zebe ali kašelj, boste morda želeli prinesti nekaj pastil in jih razviti na začetku koncerta ali ob drugem primernem času, da boste lahko zatrli željo po kašljanju.

Smeh je drugačen. Lepo se je smejati ob smešnem trenutku v zapletu opere ali v delu instrumentalne glasbe (npr. V Haydnovih simfonijah je veliko smešnih trenutkov), vendar je zelo nesramno smejati se, ker ste slišali, kako je izvajalca zamočil. Morda boste opazili, da vas nekateri člani občinstva gledajo, ker se smejete glasbi, ker je to smešno, vendar so nevedni, zato si tega ne jemljite k srcu.

Problem fotografije je drugačen in še bolj velja za nepooblaščene posnetke (imenovane bootlegs): To pomeni kršitev pravice umetnikov in dvorane do zaslužka s slikami in posnetki njihovih del. Nekateri kraji so glede tega zelo strogi: na primer nepooblaščeno snemanje v Carnegie Hallu lahko povzroči zaseg vaše naprave in popolno čiščenje pomnilnika. Vsaj osebje v nekaterih koncertnih dvoranah vam lahko osebno izreče besedno opozorilo ali opozori, da boste morali zapustiti, če nadaljujete. V manj formalnih nastavitvah pa mnogi umetniki z veseljem fotografirajo in celo posnamejo, če vprašate za dovoljenje.

Otroci

Dobro vzgojeni otroci so na splošno dobrodošli na vseh vrstah klasičnih koncertov. Če želite svojega otroka izpostaviti klasični glasbi, ga vsekakor pripeljite. Če postanejo sitni, jih lahko odpeljete tik pred dvorano in ko se umirijo, se boste običajno lahko znova vrnili, čeprav boste morda morali počakati do konca gibanja ali arije.

Nekatere organizacije, na primer simfonični orkestri, imajo tudi posebne otroške koncerte, na katerih bo dirigent verjetno govoril z njimi in jih učil o glasbi. Takšni koncerti so ponavadi krajši od običajnih koncertov in pogosto predstavljajo sponke otroške klasične glasbe, kakršna je Prokofjeva Peter in volk ali Brittenovo Vodič za mlade po orkestru ki prikazujejo vloge in zmožnosti različnih orkestrskih instrumentov in vključujejo pripovedovalca.

Poglej tudi

To potovalna tema približno Evropska klasična glasba je uporabno Članek. Dotakne se vseh glavnih področij teme. Pustolovska oseba bi lahko uporabila ta članek, vendar ga lahko izboljšate z urejanjem strani.